THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


DALUS.TR} 


Short-hand  is  an  art  whose  usefulness  is  not  con- 
fined to  any  particular  science  or  profession,  Imt  is 
universal. — Dr.  Johnson. 

Had  this  art  [Phonography]  been  known  forty  years 
ago,  it  would  have  saved  me  twenty  years  of  hard 
labor.— Hon.  T.  H.  Bent&n. 


SHOET-HAIsTD 


LEGIBLE  A3  THE  PLAINEST  WRITING,  AND  EEQUIIUNQ 
NO  TEACHER  BUT  THE  BOOK. 


A   SIMPLIFIED    SYSTEM    OF 


VERBATIM    REPORTHSTG. 


BY  THE 

REV.  W.  E.   SCOVIL,  M.A. 


THIRD    AMERICAN"   EDITION. 


EDITED  AND  PUBLISHED  BT 

W .    E.    SCOVIL,    JR.,    B.A., 

No.  70   WILLIAM   STREET, 

NEW  YOKE. 

1873.  PRICE  $1.25. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1872,  by 

HY.  B.  ROBINSON, 
In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  v\abhington,  D.  C. 


Electrotyped  by  SMITH  &  McDouoAL,  82  Beekman  Street,  New  York 


)<?73 


For  the  encouragement  of  learners,  some  Testimonials  are  here 

y*        annexed,  which  the  author  has  received  from  gentlemen  of  known 

position  and  character,  who  speak  from  actual  experience,  and  express 

their  conviction  that  this  Short-hand  is  an  improvement  on  the  systems 

heretofore  offered  to  the  public. 

CO 

From  I-IOK.  W.  E.  CUKTIS,  LL.D.,  Justice  of  Superior  Court, 

New  York. 

?? 

I  take  great  pleasure  in  recommending  your  System  of 

Short-Hand  Reporting  as  the  simplest  and  most  accurate  in 
^       use.    It  should  be  taught  in  our  leading  schools,  and  known 
by  all  students. 

3      From,  F.  H.  HEMPERLEY,  ESQ.,  (formerly  reporter  of  the 
Pennsylvania,  Legidcetiire],  New  York. 

I  have  examined  your  work  with  some  care,  and  am  sat- 
isfied that  it  possesses  many  advantages.  It  is  certainly 
more  easily  learned  than  the  ordinary  systems. 


448416 


ii  TESTIMONIALS, 

From,  MR.  JOHN  G.  NUGENT,  Reporter,  Boston. 

While  preparing  for  my  profession,  a  few  years  ago,  I  at- 
tempted to  learn  Pitman's  Phonography,  and  so  i'ar  mas- 
tered it  as  to  be  able,  alter  much  application,  to  write  and 
decipher  it  with  tolerable  accuracy.  I  then  became  ac- 
quainted with  your  method,  and,  after  n  careful  perusal  of 
it,  was  induced  to  give  it  a  trial.  By  devoting  one  hour  a 
day  to  the  study  of  it,  I  was  able  in  four  months  to  report 
verbatim.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  I  have  adopted  it  alto- 
gether. I  have  given  much  attention  to  this  subject,  and 
have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  while  your  system  pos- 
sesses the  combined  advantages  of  Pitman,  Munson,  and 
Lindsley,  as  respects  rapidity,  it  surpasses  them  in  legibility, 
and  is  acquired  in  much  less  time. 

From  the  REV.  EBWABD  B.  NICHOLS,  D.D.,  Rector  of  Lir. 
erpool,  Nom  Scotia. 

The  facility  with  which  your  system  i3  acquired,  the  ra- 
pidity with  which  it  is  written,  and  the  unhesitancy  with 
which  it  is  read,  I  believe  to  be  unsurpassed.  I  have  used 
no  other  hand  for  all  the  manuscript  sermons  that  I  have 
delivered  during  the  last  fifteen  years.  Indeed,  before  I 
was  in  holy  orders,  I  found  the  benefit  of  it,  both  when  I 
was  a  student  at  law  and  at  The  General  Theological  Semi- 
nary in  New  York. 

From  M.  R.  W.  WELLES,  Reporter,  Daribury,  Conn 
I  recommend  your  work  as  the  most  practical,  legible, 
and  easy  of  acquisition. 

From  REV.  WM.  S.  OWEXS,  Indiana,  P<  nit. 
As  a  system  adapted  to  the  wants  of  those  who  desire  a 
method  of  writing  more  rapid  than  our  common  long-hand, 


TESTIMONIALS.  iii 

yet  equally  legible,  and  not  too  difficult  to  learn,  I  believe 
the  system  taught  in  your  little  book  is  better  than  any  yet 
invented.  The  luickeuing,  r^ortening,  lengthening,  etc., 
of  the  Chs,  which  makes  mos»  of  the  other  systems  so  per- 
plexing to  the  learner  and  so  difficult  to  decipher,  are  nearly 
all  avoided.  After  considerable  experience  with  other  sys- 
tems, I  believe  this  is  simpler,  more  easily  acquired,  and 
more  legible  than  any  no\v  in  use. 


From  A.  G.  HAPGOOD,  ESQ.,  A.D.,  Harvard  University,  Muss. 

Among  the  most  important  of  the  numerous  recommen- 
dations of  your  system  is  the  omission  of  those  heavy 
strokes  and  vowel  points  which  are  so  common  in  most  sys- 
tems, and  by  which  rapidity  and  legibility  are  diminished. 
Yours  is  the  simplest,  the  easiest  to  learn,  and  the  mopt 
legible  I  have  ever  seen. 


From  II.  N.  SHEPARD,  ESQ.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Tour  Short-hand  is  very  easily  learned,  and  I  am  sur- 
prised at  the  little  labor  it  requires  to  gain  a  good  practical 
proficiency  in  it.  My  experience  has  fully  confirmed  the 
statement  on  your  title-page,  "  legible  as  the  plainest  writ- 
ing." 


From  the  REV.  CANON  LEE,  Pn.D.,  Rector  of  Fredericton, 
New  Brunswick. 

I  have  used  your  system  of  Short-hand  for  years,  and 
do  not  think  I  can  express  too  highly  the  value  I  have  de- 
rived from4  it  in  correspondence  and  in  my  professional 


1v  TESTIMONIALS. 

duties.  By  its  aid  a  sermon  may  be  written  in  one  hour 
instead  of  six.  and.  when  written,  is  more  legible  than  the 
ordinary  hand.  Besides,  the  ability  it  affords  of  writing 
one's  thoughts  with  readiness  and  with  comparatively  little 
fatigue  of  hand,  leaJsto  the  acquisition  of  a  free  and  more 
forcible  style.  The  art  is  easily  learnt,  may  be  acquired  in 
youth  as  a  pastime  in  connection  with  more  formal  studies, 
and  not  much  additional  practice  is  necessary  to  render  the 
Short-hand  Writer  an  efficient  reporter. 

From  The   REV.  D.  W.  PICKETT,  M.A.  (formerly)  Head 
Master  of  the  Collegiate  Sc7wol,  Windsor,  Nova  Scotia. 

Of  the  superior  advantages  of  your  Stenography  I  can 
Bpeak  from  long  experience.  The  comparison  which  I  have 
been  enabled  to  make  between  it  and  other  systems  now  in 
use  to  some  extent,  and  the  readiness  with  which  it  has 
been  acquired  by  many  of  my  acquaintance,  lead  me  to  the 
belief  that  it  offers  greater  facilities  for  students  in  attend- 
ance upon  university  lectures,  to  the  reporters  for  the 
press,  and  to  the  public  generally,  than  any  other  system 
that  has  hitherto  been  published. 

From  ALFKED  H.  DEMILL,  ESQ.,  D.C.L.,  Barrister. 

I  bought  a  copy  of  your  work,  published  in  1866,  and, 
struck  with  the  truth  of  your  objections  to  the  Phonetic 
system  (which  I  had  been  practising  for  several  years  as 
given  by  Graham  in  the  Reporter's  Manual)  I  abandoned 
it,  and  began  the  study  of  yours.  The  result,  I  am  happy 
to  say,  has  fully  realized  my  expectations  ;  for,  after  learn- 
ing it  with  comparatively  little  labor,  I  find  it  most  useful 
in  my  profession. 

I  regret  the  time  wasted  with  Pitman's  Phonography  ; 
but  my  own  experience  has  convinced  me  that  your  system, 
besides  other  advantages,  requires  not  one-third  as  much 
practice  to  master  it,  and  that  no  one  desirous  of  a  readable 


TESTIMONIALS.  T 

Short-Land   will   be   disappointed   after    giving  it   a   fair 
trial. 

From  REV.  GEORGE  WALKER,  A.B.,  N.  Y '.,  formerly  Mas- 
ter of  the  Grammar  School  in  Kings  Co.,  N.  B. 

It  is,  I  think,  a  happy  feature  in  your  Short-hand  that 
it  joins  the  vowels  and  consonants  in  succession  as  we  read 
them,  and  does  not  depart  from  the  usual  method  of  spelling, 
except  when  superfluous  letters  are  omitted  for  the  sake  of 
brevity.  It  thus  avoids  the  intricate  and  comparatively  slow 
expedient  adopted  by  Taylor,  Mavor,  Pitman,  and  others, 
which  requires  the  writer  to  join  together  all  the  consonants 
in  the  first  place,  and  afterwards  take  his  pen  off  repeatedly 
to  insert  separate  dots,  or  other  little  marks,  here  and  there, 
for  the  purpose  of  representing  as  many  vowels  and  diph- 
thongs as  happen  to  be  sounded  in  the  word. 

From  MR.  T.  P.  Dixox,  Reporter,  New  York. 

After  spending  some  time  in  examining  the  systems  of 
Phonography  published  by  Pitman,  Bell,  Thompson,  and 
others,  I  have  satisfied  myself  that  your  Phonography,  or 
abbreviated  Short-hand,  while  it  equals,  if  it  does  not  ex- 
ceed, the  swiftest  of  them,  in  the  ease  and  despatch  with 
which  it  is  written,  affords  more  assistance  in  deciphering 
the  notes,  which  we  have  to  commit  to  paper  in  the  briefest 
manner  in  taking  down  a  discourse  from  the  lips  of  a  fluent 
speaker.  So  far  as  I  am  capable  of  forming  a  correct  opi- 
nion on  this  subject,  I  have  as  yet  met  witii  no  system,  vying 
with  yours  in  conciseness,  that  taxes  the  memory  of  the 
learner  so  little,  or  is  likely  to  enable  him  more  speedily  to 
acquire  the  art  of  verbatim  Reporting. 

From  The  REV.  D.  I.  WETMORE,  B.A.,  Clifton,  N.  B. 

My  estimate  of  your  Short-hand  is  evidenced  by  the 
fact  that,  when  I  was  a  schoolmaster,  I  recommended  it  to 


Ti  TESTIMONIALS. 

my  pupils  as  the  best.  Judging  from  my  own  experience, 
I  believe  that  a  practical  proficiency  can  be  gained  in  it,  at 
less  cost  of  time  and  study  than  in  any  other  system  that 
has  come  under  my  notice,  and  that  it  is  well  deserving  of 
a  place  in  our  schools. 

From  JAMES  H.  THOUNE,  ESQ.,  B.A.,  Deputy  Provincial 

Secretary,  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia. 

A  practical  knowledge  of  your  system  of  Short-hand 
writing  has  given  me  so  high  an  opinion  of  its  value,  that 
1  believe  it  to  be  the  very  best  we  have  ;  and,  as  "  the  pen 
of  a  ready  writer"  is  essential  in  many  professions,  and  of 
great  advantage  to  a  person  in  any  line  of  life,  I  think  that 
your  little  book,  in  its  improved  state,  ought  to  obtain  a 
wide  circulation,  and  be  generally  acceptable  to  the  public. 
From  THOMAS  S.  WETMORE,  ESQ.,  A.B.  (M.  D.  of  the 
University  of  Glasgow,  and  Licentiate  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons,  Edinburgh),  St.  John,  N.  B. 
Whatever  may  be  the  comparative  merits  of  other  sy8- 
tems,  your  Short-hand,  on  account  of  the  ease  with  which  it 
is  read  and  written,  has  deservedly  gained  the  good  opinion 
of  those  who  have  tried  it,  and  will,  I  atn  persuaded,  find 
favor  with  others  in  proportion  as  they  become  acquainted 
with  it.  For  as  sailing-packets,  common  roads,  and  mail- 
coaches,  though  still  in  use,  do  not  meet  our  requirements 
in  this  age  of  ocean-steamers,  railways,  and  electric  tele- 
graphs ;  so  our  common  long-hand,  though  it  cannot  be  al- 
together dispensed  with,  will,  1  am  confident,  in  time  b« 
regarded  as  too  slow  and  tedious  a  method  of  writing  for 
those  who  can  despatch  their  business  with  much  greater 
ease  and  rapidity  by  employing  a  good  readable  Short- 
band. 

From  S.  J.  SCOVTL,  ESQ.,  A.B.,  Attorney,  Philadelphia. 
Your  Short-hand  has,  for  many  years,  done  me  good 


TESTIMONIALS.  vu 

service  iu  tlie  almost  interminable  writing  of  a  lawyer's 
office.  If  this,  or  any  good  system,  were  generally  adopted 
by  professional  gentlemen,  it  would  very  materially  lighten 
their  labors,  and  save  valuable  time  to  the  public,  shorten- 
ing the  sittings  of  our  courts,  and  expediting  business  which 
is  now  retarded  by  the  slow  process  of  ordinary  writing. 

From  J.  BENNETT,  ESQ.,  Ph.D.,  Chief  Superintendent  oj 

Education  for  the  Province  rfUfew  Brunswick. 
The  system  of  Short-baud  invented  by  Mr.  Scovil  is,  I 
believe,  the  best  extant.  The  reporters  educated  in  the  sys- 
tem are  much  more  expert  than  those  trained  in  any  other 
that  has  come  under  rny  notice.  Having  mastered  it  in  lesa 
than  a  year,  they  are  living  proofs  of  the  ease  with  which  it 
may  be  acquired. 

The  HON.  T.  R.  JONES,  M.L.C.,  President  of  the  Executive 

Council,  N.  B. 

One  of  the  best  reporters  connected  with  our  Provincial 
Legislature  is  a  young  man,  who,  after  studying  this  sys- 
tem for  twelve  months,  so  far  mastered  it  as  to  be  able  to 
take  down  the  debates  verbatim. 


AUTHOR'S  PREFACE. 


WRITING  is  a  truly  wonderful  invention.  It  records  lan- 
guage by  substituting  marks  or  letters  for  sounds  :  and,  by 
this  means,  words  are  silently  conveyed  to  the  mine! 
through  the  eye,  as  distinctly  as  by  the  voice  through  th« 
ear.  It  is  the  key  of  learning  ;  and  so  useful  for  acquiring, 
preserving,  and  communicating  knowledge,  that  it  is  almost 
as  valuable  to  mankind  as  the  gift  of  speech. 

Common  writing,  however,  requires  so  much  mechanical 
labor  to  form  the  letters,  that  it  is  confessedly  inadequate 
to  record  language  with  anything  like  the  ease  and  rapidity 
with  which  it  is  spoken  ;  and,  therefore,  persevering  efforts 
have  been  made  to  effect  this  desirable  improvement. 
Hence  the  multitudinous  systems  of  Short-hand. 

Among  the  earliest  were  the  Greek  signs,  and  these  prob- 
ably suggested  to  Cicero  the  Roman  notes;  which,  we  lesrn 
from  Plutarch,  consisted  of  little  marks  so  brief  and  ex- 
pressive that  certain  writers,  instructed  by  that  great  ora- 
tor, were  able  with  them  to  take  down  a  ppeechas  delivered 
in  the  senate.  Cicero's  freedman,  Tyro,  becoming  famed 
lor  his  skill  in  using  them,  they  were  known  by  the  name 
of  "  Tyro's  Notes,"  and  having  been  taken  up  and  improved 
by  Seneca,  were,  with  his  alterations,  introduced  into  the 
public  schools  as  a  useful  branch  of  a  liberal  education. 
If  we  can  rely  upon  what  a  poet,  who  lived  in  those  times, 
has  told  us,  this  kind  of  writing  was  so  swift  that  a.  Notary, 
1800  years  ago,  could  take  down  words  as  quickly  as  the 


PREFACE.  ix 

most  dexterous  reporter  of  our  day.  I  allude  to  one  of 
Martial's  epigrams,  which  I  give  with  a  free  transla- 
tion: 

Notariw. 

Currant  verba  licet,  manus  est  velocior  il'ls  ; 
Nondum  ftnyua  guum,  dextra  ptregii  opus. 

Mart.  lib.  v.   ep.  28. 

Though  fast  a  speaker's  words  mny  flow, 
The  tongue  is  for  tho  hand  too  slow. 

The  Roman  method  is  lost.  Of  English  systems,  "  Pit- 
man's Phonography,"  notwithstanding  several  later  short- 
hands, is  now  the  most  popular,  and,  its  enthusiastic  admir- 
ers would  have  us  believe,  so  perfect  that  there  exists  no 
necessity  for  change  hereafter.  And  yet  it  seems  to  be 
fairly  open  to  some  weighty  objections,  of  which  I  will 
mention  four : 

I. 

The  vowels  are  dots  and  minute  marks  which  cannot  be 
joined  to  the  other  letters,  but  require  the  pen  to  be  raised 
from  the  paper  every  time  that  one  of  them  is  made,  and 
therefore  impede  the  writing  much  more  than  good  plain 
characters  in  a  running  hand.  In  consequence  of  this  radi- 
cal defect,  it  becomes  necessary  in  most  words  to  write  the 
consonants  first,  and  then  go  back  to  supply  whatever  vow- 
els they  require,  carefully  putting  each  by  itself  near  the 
consonant  to  which  it  ought  to  have  been  joined.  Such  a 
separation  of  vowels  and  consonants  would  make  even  our 
long  hand  longer ;  and  he  must  be  endowed  with  more 
than  ordinary  patience  and  perseverance,  who  learns  to 
write,  without  hesitation,  the  detached  vowels,  which  in 
Pitman's  Corresponding  Style  look  like  specks  sprinkled 
over  the  page  from  a  pepper-box. 

II. 

The  characters  are  not  sufficiently  distinct.  Every  one, 
in  all  but  thickness  is  precisely  like  another  which  re- 


x  PREFACE. 

presents  a  different  letter  or  sound  ;  and  the  same  mark,  as 
that  for  ks,  varying  only  a  little  in  length  or  thickness, 
stands  on,  above,  and  below  the  line  for  more  than  fifty 
words,  out  of  which  we  must  pick  the  one  the  sense  re- 
quires! This  dividing  of  the  alphabet  into  pairs,  in  which 
one  character  so  closely  resembles  the  other,  must-  lead  to 
hesitation  in  reading,  or  to  loss  of  time  in  writing  while 
we  give  to  every  stroke  its  proper  thickness. 

III. 

The  reporting  style  lias  numberless  words  which  have 
nothing  to  show  the  reader  whether  they  begin  or  end  with 
or  without  a  vowel ;  and  it  is  a  great  task  to  learn  the  long 
list  of  words  represented  by  only  one  or  two  of  their  middle 
or  final  letters,  asp  for  iceepjiappy,  hope  ;  j  for  advantage; 
js,  religious  ;  tr,  internal,  e:c.  J3  and  p,  d  and  t,  and  other 
letters  are  often  written  exactly  alike,  as  mpy  or  mbg  foi 
humbug. 

These  are  some  of  the  causes  why,  of  the  many  who  have 
tried,  so  few  have  been  able  to  gain  a  really  practical  know- 
ledge of  his  style  of  reporting.  For  it  is  as  much  harder  to 
recognize  an  abbreviation  without  seeing  the  first,  or  first 
and  last  syllable  of  the  word,  as  it  is  to  recognize  a  man 
without  seeing  his  face,  or  to  move  a  load  without  help  at 
the  starting-point. 

IV. 

But  that  which  I  consider  the  most  objectionable  feature, 
though  it  has  many  zealous  advocates,  is  this — it  compels 
us  to  use  the  phonetic,  that  is,  this  corrupt  way  of  spelling  : 
"  If  eni  wun  in  siti  or  kuntri  wontz  sum  nolij  ov  Itiz  ucurk, 
and  its  kwolitiz,  let  him  inspekt  hicot  haz  l>in  dun  in  komon 
•icurdz,  or  giv  muni  and  get  an  cfj-art  l:opi  ov  hiz  sistcm!  " 

Phoneticians  persuade  themselves,  or  affect  to  believe. 


PREFACE.  xi 

that  such  spelling  will  eventually  superssde  our  barbarous 
orthography.  Meanwhile  I  leave  it  to  the  judgment  of  all 
who  are  not  yet  wedded  to  any  system,  whether  it  is  safe 
to  employ  habitually,  for  dauy  convenience,  a  short-hand 
which  deviates  so  far  from  the  standards  of  our  literature, 
and  which  not  a  few  have  abandoned  because  they  found 
that  the  habit  of  spelling  phonetically  and  disregarding 
prevailing  usage  led  to  vexatious  mistakes  and  delay  in 
common  writing. 

Let  it  not  be  thought  that  I  enviously  detract  from  Pit- 
man's merits  It  was  in  allusion  to  his  system  that  Senator 
Bonton  made  the  remark  appended  to  the  frontispiece  of  this 
little  book  ;  and  though  there  are  some  who,  having  learned 
by  long  practice  to  dispense  with  the  disconnected  vowels, 
and  to  decipher  their  notes  without  them,  use  it  successfully 
for  verbatim  reporting,  yet  the  objections  above  stated  are 
such  that  comparatively  few  of  the  large  number  who  at- 
tempt the  mastery  of  it  become  sufficiently  expert  to  take 
down  a  lengthened  discourse  word  for  word  from  the  lips 
of  a  fluent  speaker,  while  it  has  bceu  candidly  admitted,  in 
the  "  American  Journal  of  Phonography,"  that  "  as  a  popu- 
lar method  for  recording  thought,  or  preserving  business 
transactions,  or  for  conducting  ordinary  correspondence, 
Steno-Phonography  has  proved  an  entire  failure." 

Feeling  the  want  of  a  plainer  short-hand,  to  meet  the  re- 
quirements of  a  profession  in  which  a  speaker  must  decide 
at  a  glance  what  he  is  to  pronounce,  and  has  little  time  to 
settle  uncertainties  by  comparing  the  context,  I  composed 
for  my  own  use  the  system  which  is  explained  aul  offered 
to  the  public  in  the  following  pages. 

As  our  common  alphabet,  though  not  so  perfect  as  it 
might  be,  is  already  known  by  all  who  read  and  write  Eng- 
lish, I  prefer  retaining  it,  changing  only  tho  forms  of  tho 
letters  to  the  simplest  characters  that  can  be  joined  together 


xii  PREFACE. 

without  confusion,  and  adding  some  characters  to  represent 
those  syllables  and  combinations  of  letters  which  occur 
most  frequently  in  our  language.  These  additions  will 
amply  repay  the  little  time  required  to  learn  them  ;  for 
they  render  the  writing  shorter,  neater,  and  more  lineal, 
and,  by  doing  away  with  the  necessity  for  having  every 
letter  represent  a  multitude  of  words,  relieve  the  memory, 
and  tend  to  obviate  the  third  objection  I  have  made  to 
Pitman's  Phonography. 

"  It  is  no  uncommon  thing  for  those  who  have  grown 
wise  by  the  labor  of  others,  to  add  a  little  of  their  own  and 
forget  their  masters."  I  confess  that,  aiming  at  utility  and 
not  originality,  I  have  freely  appropriated  everything  that 
answered  my  purpose,  and  am  indebted  to  Macaulay  in  par- 
ticular for  many  of  the  characters. 

The  success  which  attended  the  introduction  of  the  for- 
mer edition  of  this  work,  and  the  general  favor  with  which 
it  has  been  received,  have  led  to  the  preparation  of  this 
new  edition,  in  which  will  be  found  an  additional  number 
of  exercises,  and  a  variety  of  other  matter  BO  arranged  as  to 
render  the  acquisition  of  the  art  yet  more  easy  and  direct. 

And  now,  kind  reader,  permit  me  to  close  with  a  trite  but 
appropriate  valediction  from  Horace  : — 

Vale !  Si  quid  nori-iti  rectius  istis, 
Candidas  imperti,  ft  non  his  utere  mecum. 
"  Farewell !    And  if  a  better  system  's  thine, 
Impart  it  frankly,  or  make  use  of  mine." 


SHORT-HAND. 


This  Short-hand  is  divided  into  two  parts, — Stenography 
and  Phonography. 

DEFINITIONS. 

Stenography  is  the  art  of  writing  iciih  short  characters, 
and  in  this  system  follows,  for  the  most  part,  the  usual 
method  of  spelling ;   while  Phonography,  though  written 
with  the  same  characters,  expresses  with  the  utmost  brevity 
the  sound  of  words,  dropping  every  letter  that  can  be  omit- 
ted consistently  with  a  due  regard  to  their  legibility. 
A  Character  (Ch.)  is  a  Short-hand  mark  or  letter. 
A  ring-letter  is  a  Ch.  with  a  ring  at  one  end :  as  o-'  sh. 
A  JiooJc  is  a  Ch.  with  a  hook  at  one  end  :  as  —a  ons. 
A  crook  has  the  end  bent,  but  not  hooked  :  as  — •>  ch. 
Chs.  are  said  to  Wend  when  they  run  into  one  another  so 
that  the  last  part  of  the  first  Ch.  forms  the  first  part  of  the 
next,  or  the  same  stroke  belongs  to  both :  as  C  ce. 

A  Ch.  is  said  to  be  looped,  when  the  ring  is  made  so  flat 
that  the  opening  is  made  oblong  instead  of  round :  as     Id. 
A  Ch.  is  said  to  be  modified,  when  made  thick,  or  only  so 
altered  that  the  original  is  easily  known. 

The  y-line  (so  called  from  a  final  y  being  implied,  without 
writing  it,  when  a  Ch.  or  word  stands  upon  it)  is  a  line 
never  ruled,  but  supposed  to  touch  the  top  of  b,  c,  d,  and 
other  long  Chs.  standing  on  the  main  line 


2  KEY 

TO    EXPLANATORY   MARKS.  FIGURES,  AND   LETTERS. 

Ch.  stands  for  Character.  In  the  Alphabet  a  dot  is  put  at 
Hie  toot  of  .F,  .G,  and  every  other  letter  whose  Ch.  is  drawn 
up.  If  there  is  a  dot  on  both  sides  of  the  letters,  as  with  .£• 
.Sub'  and  .Super'  the  Chs.  are  drawn  both  ways. 

(  )  Enclose  a  wrord  when  its  Ch.  cannot  stand  for  the  same 
letters  in  a  longer  Avoid. 

[  jj  Enclose  letters  or  words  for  which  the  Ch.  is  used  only 
in  Reporting. 

If  there  is  not  a  figure  or  f  after  the  letters,  the  first  font/ 
Ch.  in  the  word  rests  its  foot  on  the  main  line.  If  there  is  a 
figure  or  f  put  after  the  word  or  letters,  the  first  long  Ch.  in 
the  word,  when  followed  by — 

1,  stands  on  the  y-line : 

2,  ...      on  the  main  line : 

3,  ...      under  the  main  line : 
tl,  crosses  or  hangs  on  the  y-line: 

f,        ...      or  hangs  on  the  main  line. 

See  page  103. 


When  there  are  capitals  after  a  word  or  termination,  tiioy 
show  wrhat  is  done  with  the  Ch. 
A  stands  for  after.                        M  stands  for  middle. 

B        ...        beginning.             O  ...  over. 

C        ...        centre.                    P  ...  preceding  Ch. 

Chs.    ...        characters.              Ph.  ...  phonography. 

D        ...        drop,  or  omit.       R  ...  light  side. 

E        ...        end,  or  last  Ch.      S  ...  short,  or  a   half- 

F        ...        following  Ch.  length  Ch. 

G        ...        greater,  or  dou-    St.  ...  stenography. 

ble-length  Ch.        T  ...  termination  or  fi- 

J        .„.       joined  to.  nal  Ch. 

L        ...        left,  or  the  upper  U  ...  under. 

side.                        ~VV  ...  wide,  or  thick. 


KEY.  3 

Tn  terming  the  system,  you  will  often  be  srared  the  trou- 
ble ol'  searching  the  rules,  if  you  will  make  yourself  acquaint- 
ed wiih  the  meaning  of  the  foregoing  capitals,  figures,  and 
marks,  which,  in  the  Alphabet  and  Tab'es,  show  at  sight  the 
place,  size,  and  direction  of  the  Ch.  standing  for  the  letter  or 
word  to  which  the  capitals,  etc.  are  added.  The  following 
examples  explain  the  directions  thus  briefly  given  : — 

At  p.  10,  'T '  stands  for  'time,  to  S,  take  f.'  As  time  and 
to  have  no  t  or  figure  after  them,  they  must  stand  on  the  line  ; 
but,  as  S  shows,  to  is  short,  or  half  the  length  of  take  which, 
as  the  t  shows,  is  written  across  the  line. 

P.  11,  hi  line  with  the  fourth  Ch.,  are  Mnterf,  intrf  [ntr], 
G.  B.'  The  dot  at  the  foot  of  the  first  letter  shows  that  the 
Ch.  is  drawn  upwards  ;  the  t,  that  it  crosses  the  main  line  for 
inter  and  intr  ;  the  [  ]  brackets,  that  it  is  used  only  in  Phonog- 
raphy fof  ntr,  and,  as  ntr  has  no  f  after  it,  we  must  put  it  on 
the  line.  G  shows  that  it  is  a  greater  or  double-length  Ch.  ; 
and  the  B,  that  it  is  used  only  in  the  beginning,  and  must  be 
the  first  Ch.  of  the  word. 

At  p.  12,  line  22,  are  'ing  A;  ng  JP  ;  ning  OP ;  [ding  W,] 
S.M,E.'  Here  A  shows  that  the  Ch.  for  ing  stands  after  the 
one  before  it,  (that  is,  close  to  the  end,  on  the  right  side  of 
it,)  as,  ~\  being,  __,  having  ;  JP,  that  for  ng  it  is  joined  to 
the  preceding  Ch.  ;  [W],  that  in  Ph.  it  stands  for  diny  by 
making  it  wide  or  thick.  The  S.M,E  show  that  the  Ch.  is 
short,  and  is  used  only  for  ing,  eic.,  in  the  middle  and  end  of 
words ;  for  whenever  it  begins  a  word  it  is  in  or  en. 

'S.TW  or  S.EW — mean  the  Ch.  is  short,  the  termination 
(or  last  stroke)  wide  ;  or  the  Ch.  is  s/.ort,  and  the  end  wide. 

*S.UEP' — short  and  under  the  end  of  the  preceding  67*. 

'S.CPL  or  R  ' — Ch.  short  and  jcined  to  the  centre  of  the  pre- 
ceding, on  the  left  or  right  side.  'LEP ' — show  that  the  Ch. 
is  on  the  left  side  at  the  end  of  the  preceding  character. 

'  P3 ' — &iow  that  the  preceding  C/'ts.  are  put  under  the  line,  as 
A*  32,  p.  lo,  to  imply  that  nyr  or  wjvtj  is  dropped  or  omiuecL 


PRELIMINARY  DIRECTIONS. 


IT  is  quite  unnecessary  to  learn  any  of  the  Rules  or  Tables 
by  rote.  The  best  and  most  agreeable  way  to  become  pro- 
ficient in  this  method  of  writing  is  to  get  some  knowledge 
of  the  arrangement  and  contents  of  the  work  by  looking 
over  the  pages,  and  then  begin  with  copying  out  the  Exer- 
cises in  the  latter  part  of  the  book,  carefully  comparing 
them  with  the  Alphabet  and  Tables  as  you  proceed,  and  re- 
ferring to  the  Rules  for  direction  only  when  you  find  some- 
thing  which  you  cannot  readily  understand.  It  may  seem 
supertiousthat  things  are  explained  which  you  can  compre- 
hend at  once  by  inspection.  It  is  better,  however,  to  have 
all  parts  of  the  system  so  fully  elucidated  that  no  one  who 
tries  to  learn  it  without  a  master  can  feel  the  want  of  more 
guidance  and  aid  than  the  book  affords. 

Boys  are  very  apt  to  waste  time  in  writing  without  a 
copy,  and  trying  to  decipher  their  rude  essays  before  they 
know  how  to  join  the  letters  properly.  Give  yourself  no 
trouble  of  this  kind,  but  have  patience  to  copy  the  Exer- 
cises until  you  can  write  them  correctly  and  freely,  without 
any  paus*  in  going  from  one  letter  to  another  ;  and  in 
doing  this  you  will  learn  to  read  without  hesitation. 

You  should  not  try  to  write  fast  until  you  can  shape  the 
Chs.  corroctly.  Ease  and  speed  will  naturally  come  from 
practice  ;  but  a  neat  and  legible  hand,  satisfactory  to  the 
writer  and  reader,  depends  upon  acquiring  the  habit  of  ob- 
serving the  relative  size  and  right  direction  of  every  char- 
ter. Experience  soon  teaches  where  liberties  may  be  taken 
to  relieve  the  stiffness  that  would  sometimes  result  from  too 
close  an  adherence  to  the  alphabetic  forms.  But  no  unne- 
cessary stroke  should  be  made  ;  for  it  is  only  a  waste  of 
time,  and  tends  to  confuse  the  reader,  to  add  to  the  simple 


PRELIMINARY    DIRECTIONS.  5 

short-band  Chs.  any  of  the  unmeaning  flourishes  or  super- 
fluous marks  which  excursive  penmen  are  fond  of  annexing 
to  the  plain  letters,  more  particularly  to  the  capitals,  in 
common  long-hand. 

The  pen  may  be  held  as  in  the  hand  depicted  at  page  i. ; 
but  some  skilful  reporters  affirm,  and  I  quite  agree  with 
them,  that  the  Chs.  can  be  marie  in  various  directions  with 
much  greater  freedom  when  the  pen  passes  up  between  the 
middle  and  the  fore  finger,  and  is  supported  there  by  the 
thumb,  the  hand  being  turned  so  that  the  top  of  the  pen 
will  lean  towards  the  right  side  of  the  paper. 

The  size  of  the  letters  is,  as  in  other  writing,  a  matter  of 
taste  ;  provided  they  are  all  made  smaller  or  larger,  and 
preserve  their  due  proportion  to  one  another.  A  good 
length  for  t  is  about  the  eighth  of  an  inch  ;  then  the  longs. 
when  put  on  the  same  line,  will  be  as  high  ;  the  double- 
lengths  twice  as  high,  and  the  shorts  not  more  than  half  as 
high  as  that  Ch. 

Tables,  showing  the  combination  of  every  two  Chs., 
would  have  served  instead  of  all  the  rules  for  joining  them, 
and  made  the  system  appear  more  simple.  But  such  tables 
are  expensive,  and  it  is  better  for  a  practitioner  to  learn  by 
copying  the  Exercises. 

In  the  second  part,  numerous  rules  and  devices  will  be 
given  for  abbreviating,  not  because  such  contractions  are 
more  necessary  in  this  system  than  any  other  ;  but  in  order 
to  furnish  the  learner  who  may  be  disposed  to  try  them 
with  those  which  have  been  found  to  secure  the  greatest 
expedition  of  which  the  art  in  its  present  state  is  capable. 

Rules  alone,  however,  will  never  make  a  writer.  By 
comparatively  little  practice  you  may  acquire  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  Stenography,  which  indeed  is  the  part  mo*; 
useful ;  but  neither  this,  nor  the  best  system  that  human 
ingenuity  can  devise  will  make  a  first-rate  reporter,  until, 
by  exercising  the  hand  in  writing,  it  gains  that  mechanical 


6 


PRELIMINARY    DIRECTIONS. 


skill  which  nothing  else  can  give,  and  which  is  indispens- 
able for  taking  down  the  words  of  a  ready  speaker  with  ver- 
batim accuracy. 

The  Stenography  should  be  used  when  a  very  plain  hand 
is  required  ;  for,  though  slow  as  compared  with  the  Phono- 
graphy or  Reporting  style,  it  is  a  very  rapid  hand,  and  can 
be  read  with  all  the  ease  and  certainty  of  common  print. 
When  the  lines  are  placed  a  good  distance  apart,  and  the 
words  have  wide  spaces  between  them,  a  page  will  still 
contain  more  than  if  it  were  written  in  long  hand,  and  can 
be  held  at  a  much  greater  distance  from  the  eye  in  reading 
it ;  which  makes  the  Stenography  particularly  convenient 
for  the  Pulpit  and  the  Bar. 


c  tijo  IjanD 

fmDctij  to  Da,  Da  it  mitf) 
.  AY,  10. 


&HORT-HA1TO,  PAET  I. 


STENOGRAPHY. 


THE  ALPHABET  on  the  next  page  is  explained  by  the  Key, 
p.  2,  and  Notes,  p.  14,  and  can  be  easily  learnt  by  writing 
some  familiar  verses,  first  with  single  Chs.,  and  then  with 
double  and  single,  without  joining  the  Chs.  to  one  another. 

NOTE.— A  good  Short-hand  must  be  easy,  swift,  and  legible.  If  you 
wish  to  compare  this  with  other  systems,  some  of  the  best  are  Taylor's 
by  Harding  or  Odell,  Mason's  by  Gurney  or  Cooper;  and  the  phonetic 
systems  of  Gabelsberger  and  Pitman,  with  variations  oy  Graham, 
Lindsley,  and  Munson. 

The  Complete  Plionographer,  a  neat  volume  published  by  Munson  in 
1867.  carries  with  it  evidence  of  the  pains  he  has  taken  to  make  Pit- 
man's Phonography  a  better  reporting  hand.  The  writing  is  more  diffi- 
cult to  decipher  than  Pitman's  Corresponding  Style,  which,  he  says,  he 
entirely  discards  becHUsc  its  tendency  is  to  foster  a  disconnected  and 
lengthy  stylo,  wholly  incompatible  with  reporting  habits,  and  it  often 
takes  years  of  practice  to  fully  acquire  the  Reporting  Style  when  the 
writer  has  once  indulged  himself  for  any  considerable  time  in  the  use 
of  the  Corresponding.  Munson's  writing  wants  that  easy  legibility 
which  is  required  for  the  pulpit  and  common  purposes,  and  is  encum- 
bered with  Pitman's  disjointed  marks  for  vowels,  as  numberless  words, 
especially  proper  names,  would  be  altogether  illegible  without  them. 


8  ALPHABET. 

Single   Characters. 

Abe  d    c  .f   _g  h    i     j      k    1    m   .n 

_^C  \    ^x°^^_-o^>^<J    ^    / 

o     p  qu  .r  .s"   t    u     v    w    x    y   z    u     me- 

^9   ^    ^  ^  /'    \     v     V.    /     $_^S      .   dial. 

Double  Charade  s. 
Amp  emp  imp  ump  simp  sump  comp   temp 

1       r     i       i       Y       Y       r       i, 

Amb  emb  imb  umb  comb  Bel  .bl.   Ch  ch  cl 

N       \      ^       -\      \          3       _      C     _,    C 

com  con  counter  Dis  or  des  del    .Englj"  .ngle 

\     ^-      xrx/xy/ 

.Fer  .fl  .fn  fr  .Gn  .gr  He  In  .interf  [ntr]  Kn 

r  <r  /  /  j  /  o_  J  ^ 

Ml    Ob  on  op  .PI'  or  .pi'  Recon  rest  .rv  Sh 

N  ^  -  o)  V  \      ;-      -—  /"  -          o/ 

spec     .struct    .sub'f  o?'  sub  Th  VI  Wh   wl 
J        S  (     "^    /•    S 

whl    -super  t  Ced  sed  ted     ct 


STENOGRAPHY.  9 

The  Ch.  for  every  letter  is  written  as  on 
the  opposite  page ;  but  in  joining  the  cha- 
racters, we  draw  s,  sub,  and  super,  up  or 
down ;  and  turn  e,  i,  o,  u,  j  either  way,  to 
make  words  neat,  compact,  and  lineal. 

The  dot  at  the  foot  of  the  letters  fy  ng  r 
shows  that  they  are  up-strokes :  all  with  no 
dot  (if  not  horizontal)  are  down-strokes. 

Some  Chs.  are  initials,  (viz,, the  crook.  A; 
the  ringed  ch,  des  dis,  and  he;  emp,  imp,  emb, 
an(jl  engl,  m,  inter  enter,  kn,  ob,  on,  op,  rest] 
and  have  B  after  them  in  the  tables,  to 
show  that  they  only  begin  words.  Medial 
and  final  h  (if  not  part  of  a  double  Ch.)  is 
straight,  Avith  a  dot  under  ttu  middle. 

The  first  pi  can  be  used  alone,  the  other 
cannot ;  for,  if  written  alone,  it  would  look 
like  on  :  they  are  short  curves  sloping  like  d. 

To  make  two  letters  of  the  same  name, 
double  the  length  of  a,  d,  t,  and  the  curves. 
If  the  Ch.  ends  with  a  ring,  the  size  of  the 
ring  only  is  doubled.  "Write  long  s  for  ss. 
S  joined  to  s  so  as  to  make  an  angle  at  the 
top  or  bottom,  is  scs,  as  in  page  11.  Fid  is 
a  dot  on  the  left  at  the  top  off  :  for /////'we 
enlarge  the  ring  and  put  the  dot  in  it. 


liyuy 

>  \ 

Single  Chs.    "Words  they  stand  for.             Double  and  Syllabic  Chs. 

A,  ay 

— 

(have,)  another  1 

Amp 

1 

\     amb 

B,  be 

-> 

been,  begin  f 

.Angl  t 

/ 

angle  f                B.GJ 

C,  ce 

C 

certain  1,  come 

J51 

3 

_.I51-  S      1    Ht 

D,  de 

X 

(had,)  donef 

Cent 

C 

[cnt],  S 

l*                 i 

^ 

(he,  ever) 

Ch 

e 

child                       B 

K4 

^-> 

endeavor 

ch 

church  f             31,  E 

.F 

/o 

-for,  fer,  lir,  f::r 

Cl 

G 

could 

.G,  ge 
II,  ha        j 

J 

God,  give 

him,  half  1          15 
liai>]>iiiess     31,  K 

Com 

Comp 

S, 

r 

N    comb     [cinbj 
company],     [c-mp] 

v,      i 

__, 

I,  individual  1 

Con 

c~ 

concern               [en] 

*>  "  J  'o'1       1 

_D 

interest 

counter 

ON 

coun'.rv  !,        [ciitr] 

( 

^   kind 

K 

•r->  |ke,  kee 

ct 

N 

-ec;,  -ctd  ,  S. 

' 

f~\ 

<  k,  eek 

L 

d 

lord 

S 

dor,  -de;  d  ,   .-;W 

31 

^ 

them,  mercy  1 

Dd 

\ 

(led,  did                   G 

.X 

? 

(not) 

Dis 

/o 

des,                 ['••*]>  !• 

<  )       J  *^^ 

0 

(own.)  opinion 

Dl 

N3 

del,  deliverf 

U)  1  ough 

^ 

o,  oil  1  other  1 

da 

sy 

dc's,  dis 

(  P,  pe 

> 

prophet 

Emp 

P 

empli   f 

i  *• 

v 

que,  quest 

Jin 

j 

in                         S.B 

.11 

^     (our,)  regard  1 

.Engl  t 

j 

R.G 

,S-,8P 

•' 

(is,  his,  us  f) 

.Hnter  t 

'^ 

inter  t                 G.B 

T,  to 

1 

time,  toS,  taket 

.I'l 

g 

llanie  f 

U,  ue         | 

^ 

upon,                 ^ 
unto,                 w 

.Fa 

& 

I'm,  lind 

V 

k 

(do,)  very  1 

Fr 

? 

from,  I'.ret 

W? 

{ 

with,  what  1 

.Fill 

/D 

lull 

X,  ex 

\ 

expect 

.On 

J 

gen,  gone 

:.Y 

3 

you 

.Gent 

y 

[jrnt',  S 

Lc 

S 

zeal 

.Gr 

j- 

great,  ger 

$p<b; 

Double  and  Syllabic  Characters  continued. 

He 

Q_ 

Hea                        B 

.St 

A 

s 

Imp 

T 

mportant              B 

.Sted 

* 

itead,     [stdj,  S.T\T 

In 

j 

en                         S.B 

.Struct 

X1 

[strct] 

.Inter  f 

/ 

ntr  t         [ntr],  G.B 

.Sub- 

/ 

subject,          [sb],  G 

Kn 

CTi 

mow,  knowledge,  B 

.Super-  t 

/ 

[tspr], 

Ml 

^ 

multi  1 

Ted 

1 

tude,  ftdj-ttd],  SW 

Mm 

b 

mem 

Th 

I 

'the,  thee) 

JSgl 

/ 

ngle                         G 

The 

t 

'they) 

Ob 

D 

object                      B 

Tw 

/ 

Ook 

rt> 

Temp 

t 

empt,               [tmP] 

Op 

5 

opportunity  1,  hopef 

Ump 

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ment  UEP ;  ments  AP ;  mented  W.UEP  :  nment  OP ;       S. 3I,E 
ness,    — /  nesses 

[ngr,  ngry,  nography,  nographer,  DT  andput  P  3] 
ock 

ous  and  every  shus  E 

ousness  and  every  shusncss 

jout  3  S.B.E 

pel -pelled' W   pld  \Y.  For  pi  alone  use  the  first  character  S.M,E 

pidity  W 

rest- joined  to  upper  side  of  rings        [rst,  rsty  1;  rstd  W]  JEPL 
.rve,  rved  [rv;  rvd]  S.M,E 

[.scrip-    script,]         JP 

.self-  B,M,E 

.selves- 
hip,  shipped  W.  JCPE 

[thrDT,S|l] 

tion,  sion  every  shunAE ;  ution  UEP  tution  [t-tion  UEP]   • 
tions,  sions  every  shunsAE;  utions  UEP       [t-tions  UEP] 
tive  S.UEP,  tivity  UEP,      add  short  sfor  tives,  tivities. 
true,  truct  f  trc,  tret]  S 

jward       or  omit  the  dot  and  make  the  stroke  wide 
iwards 

lest  [1st].  Kt  can  be  added  to  any  ring-Ch.  by  making  the  ring  a 
hook,  that  is — leaving  tin-  ring  a  little  open  instead  of  closing  it. 
.ndd  EW.  Add  d  to  a  ring-Ch.  by  making  the  ring  a  loop,  that 
[a— flattening  it  a  little ;  but  the  loop  must  begin  or  end  the  word. 
By  thickening  the  stroke,  d  is  added  to  any  short  Ch. 

If  it  stands  on  the  1  or  the  2-line, 

Thickening  the  beginning  of  a  long  Ch.  adds  ri ;  thickening  its 
end  adds  »•</ ;  thickening  the  whole  or  middle  adds  rd  or  rt, 

Shortening  a  longC'h.  adds  nt,  nt.K],  nce\. 

Draw  pi  from  11  to  L  in  15,  but  from  L,  to  R  in  M  and  E  of 
words,  making  au  angle  in  joining. 


li  STENOGRAPHY. 

NOTES  ON  THE  ALPHABET. 

1.  No  character  is  provided  for  q  without  u,  because  it  is 
always  followed  by  u,  qu  being  in  fact  a  consonant  which  can- 
not be  pronounced,  in  any  word,  without  the  help  of  a  vowel, 
as  in  quitting.    Nor  has  it  been  thought  necessary  in  the  syl- 
labic characters  to  distinguish  dis  from  des,  in  from  en,  enter, 
from  inter,  symp  from  simp,  and  engl  from  any  I ;  and  the  same 
liberty  may  be  taken  in  other  cases  when  the  spelling  is  diffe- 
rent, but  the  sound  is  nearly  or  exactly  the  same,  as  in  struc, 
struct ;  spec,  spect ;  and  the  various  terminations  sounding  like 
shun  ;  as,  tion,  sion,  etc.     The  exact  orthography,  if  required, 
can  be  shown  by  writing  the  single  instead  of  the  syllabic 
characters,  and  in  all  such  cases  care  must  be  taken  not  to 
leave  any  reader  acquainted  with  the  characters  room  for  a 
moment's  hesitation. 

2.  All  the  horizontal  characters,  except  the  short  bl.  ai-e 
drawn  from  left  to  right,  and  none  of  them  is  more  than  half 
as  high  as  those  which,  like  t,  d,  s,  are  perpendicular  or  slop- 
ing.       B,  c,  d,  f,  g,  I,  m,  n,  p,  r,  «,  t,  v,  w,  x,  y,  z,   are  of  one 
height,  and  are  called  long  letters  ;  those  which  are  longer  are 
called   double-lengths  ;  as,  angl,  inter,  sub,  and  have  G  after 
them  to  show  that  they  are  of  greater  length,  while  those  that 
are  shorter  have  S  after  them,  to  signify  that  they  are  short, 
or  not  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  long  letters. 

8.  The  long  curved  characters  are  the  quarters  of  a  large 
circle,  the  upper  half  of  which  makes  r,  b,  and  the  lower  half 
v,  g,  all  sloping  :  if  horizontal  they  make  k  and  qu.  The  half 
of  the  large  circle  never  stands  for  one  Ch.  ;  but  we  take  an- 
other circle  of  only  half  the  diameter,  halve  it  perpendicular- 
ly for  c  and  ob,  and  quarter  it  for  the  short  sloping  curves  on, 
in,  pi,  and  rv.  The  half  of  a  small  ring  divided  horizontally 
is  u  ;  e  is  larger,  and  when  ringed  is  o. 

4.  Initial  A  is  a  crook ;  but  middle  or  final  A  is  a  straight 
fine  like  a,  with  a,  dot  under  the  centre.  Comp,  comb,  com, 


STENOGRAPHY.  15 

tmgl,  rest,  final  cA,  and  the  termination  ness  are  also  crooks, 
while  fr,  and  the  terminations  ous  and  ousness  are  hooks.  Gr, 
sd,  ss,  st,  are  the  two  single  Chs.  made  half  size,  and  joined 
together.  Sub  is  twice  and  super  half  the  height  of  s,  and 
super  stands  so  as  to  make  ike  first  long  Ch.  in  the  word  cross 
the  line.  Ced,  sed,  ted  are  like  c,  s,  t,  but  short  and  thick  : 
ct  and  thick  dct  are  like  d,  but  quite  short. 

5.  Medial  u  is  a  dot  before  the  middle  of  a  double  Ch.,  and 
at  the  top  or  bottom  where  two  Chs.  meet  :  it  is  usually  put  a 
little  to  the  left  of  the  first  Ch.  when  both  are  joined  at  the 
top.    See  Note,  p.  66. 

6.  Euled  lines  are  not  absolutely  necessaiy  ;  but,  in  the  re- 
porting hand,  they  indicate  more  accurately  the  proper  posi- 
tion for  the  characters. 

7.  The  ingenious  student  may  derive  some  assistance  from 
the  Diagrams  given  below,  in  remembering  the  forms  of  the 
different  Chs.  ;  but  perhaps,  after  all,  they  may  be  most  easi- 
ly learnt  by  simply  copying  the  exercises  and  referring  to  the 
alphabet.    To  join  Chs.,  see  Rules,  p.  18. 


imp  %.     corap    x, 

counter        dis          ^ 


g    vl       y     sh       m  wl   6J  "   «        w'J^    ml 

ing 

ous,  ness,  ousness,  Itry,  Ists. 


NOTE.— Though  many  attempts  have  been  made  to  have  every  simple 
elementary  sound  represented  by  a  distinct  letter,  no  one  has  succeeded 
in  inventing  a  sufficient  number  of  simple  characters  that  can  be  easily 
distinguished  from  one  another,  and  rapidly  joined  together,  so  as  to 
form  a  fair,  lineal  and  cursive  hand  for  stenographic  purposes.  Dr. 
Lindsay,  in  his  TacUygraphy,  has  succeeded  in  joining  many  of  the 
vowels  and  diphthongs  to  the  consonants ;  the  curious  may  judge  for 


16  STENOGRAPHY. 

themselves  how  he  has  succeeded  in  othea  respects.  There  are  many 
laborers  in  the  field,  and  he  who  makes  any  real  improvement  ill  this 
important  art,  will  find  it  duly  appreciated  in  this  utilitariai^age. 

FIRST  EXERCISE,  P.  10. 

Put  th  I  for  the,  e  ^  for  he,  ws  {/  for  was,  and  these  marks 

for  .  and,    o  of,    6   which,  — i  about,  — •  it. 

With  the  above  and  single  Clis.  not  joined,  write  some  vers- 
es of  St.  John's  Gospel,  Chap.  1,  writing  only  one  consonant 
•when  two  of  the  same  name  come  together ;  as, 

In       the        beginning        was    etc. 

-*/       I         ^^-O^^         P 

Leave  every  alternate  line  blank,  and  continue  writing  in 
this  way  until  you  know  all  the  Single  Chs.,  taking  care  to 
draw  /,  y,  n,  g,  r  up,  and  the  rest  (if  not  horizontal)  down. 

SECOND  EXERCISE. 

In  the  last  exercise  draw  a  line  under  those  letters  for  which 
you  can  find  a  Double  or  Syllabic  character,  and  under  eveiy 
-word  that  is  opposite  to  any  Alphabetic  Ch.  in  p.  10,  etc. 

Draw  a  line  also  under  every  syllable  that  sounds  like  erd 
(as  erred,  wd,  irred,  urd,  ord),  and  to  express  this  sound  make 
the  consonant  before  it  thick  ;  as  a  thick  w  f  for  word. 

THIRD  EXERCISE. 

Learn  the  Terminations  (page  12)  _  Me,  — •»  ous,  __>  ness, 
x  ment,  .  tion,  ^  ing,  ^  ly,  and  remember  that  ment  and  ly  are 
to  be  put  under  the  end  of  the  preceding  character. 

Write  on  the  blank  line  the  first  exercise,  substituting  the 
proper  Chs.  for  the  terminations,  and  for  the  syllables,  dou- 
ble-letters, and  words  you  have  underlined.  Join  none  of  the 
Chs.  till  you  copy  the  iksl  7  Plates. 


STENOGRAPHY.  ,  17 

PUNCTUATION. 

The  usual  stops  are  employed,  excepting  only  the  period  01 
fall-stop,  which  is  made  thus  + .  For  a  comma,  a  long 
straight  Ch.,  like  sub  drawn  down  under  the  line,  is  the  most 
distinct.  In  reporting  we  have  no  time  to  insert  stops,  but 
leave  spaces,  and  add  them  afterwards  at  leisure. 

NUMBERS. 

Our  common  Arabic  figures  are  themselves  short-hand  nu- 
merals, and  for  most  purposes  sufficiently  expeditious.  Short- 
er characters  are  here  given  for  those  who  prefer  to  use  them 
in  reporting.  The  short  up-stroke  of  the  figure  one  can  be  o- 
mitted  when  joined  to  other  figures.  The  ordinals  first,  second, 
third,  etc.,  are  known  by  being  written  across  the  line, 
thus : —  j  first ;  2  second ;  3  third,  etc. 

1234567890 
/       13       /""      **x       C      ^     —      rx      o 

A  figure  on  the  y-line  signifies  so  many  hundred  ;  on  the  y- 
line  with  a  dot  after  it,  so  many  thousand  ;  on  the  line  with  a 
dot  under  it,  so  many  million ;  on  the  y-line  with  a  dot  under 
it,  so  many  hundred  million.     Thus : — 
22.  2 

is  2  hundred ;        is  2  thousand  ;  20  is  20  million :  '    is  200 

2. 

million  ;      5  is  2  thousand  and  5. 

By  joining  sub  to  any  figure,  we  imply  that  we  are  to  add 
or  and  the  next  higher  number  ;  as, —  2  for  2  or  3. 

If  we  mix  figures  with  writing,  it  is  best  to  leave  a  space 
between  it  and  them,  and  to  let  the  first  figure  lap  or  stand 
halt  its  length,  above  the  toe  ou  which,  the  rest  are  writteu. 


18  STENOGRAPHY. 

BULES    FOR    WRITING     STENOGRAPHY,    WITH 
REMARKS   UPON  THE  CHARACTERS. 

1.  Phonetic  systems  require  us  to  write  only  such  letters  as 
give  the  sound  of  words  ;  but  as  the  habit  has  an  inevitable 
tendency  to  lead  many  at  length  to  doubt  how  to  spell  cor- 
rectly, I  prefer  deviating  but  little  from  the  established 
orthography.     The  learner  is  reminded  that  he  should  give 
his  attention  chiefly  to  the  exercises,  as  the  writing  of  them 
will  teach  him  the  substance  of  the  directions  here  given, 
more  quickly  and  pleasantly  than  if  he  were  to  commit  to 
memory  these  dry  and  formal  rules.     Tabular  words  in  [  ] 
are  not  used  in  Stenography. 

2.  It  is  a  common  complaint  with  those  who  have  tried 
"  Pitman's  Phonography,"  that  it  is  hard  to  identify  hia 
characters  if  hastily  written,  and  that  time  is  lost  in  giving 
them  their  proper  thickness. 

The  force  of  this  objection  will  be  felt  by  any  one  rapidly 
writing  one  hundred  marks  of  the  simplest  kind,  promis- 
cuously thick  and  thin ;  for  he  will  find  that  there  is  a  sen- 
Bible  loss  of  time  in  writing  them  with  sufficient  care  to 
distinguish  the  thick  from  the  thin.  Gouraud,  in  the  intro- 
duction to  his  "  Cosmophonography,"  published  1850,  has 
many  just  remarks  upon  this  and  kindred  subjects. 

For  this  reason,  I  have  chosen  alphabetic  characters  of 
such  shape  that  they  can  be  distinguished  without  regard 
to  their  thickness. 

3.  K  and  Qu  are  properly  horizontal  curves  (like  Pit- 
man's m  and  ri),  no  deeper  or  higher  than  n>   e  but  spread- 
ing twice  as  much.    If  we  mark  them  in  Stenography  with 
a  dot,  we  need  not  be  particular  as  to  their  size. 

4.  U,  which  is  a  horizontal  half-ring,  is  rarely  found  at 
the  end  of  English  words,  and  we  have  a  medial  u  [not 
used  in  Phonography],  so  that  there  can  be  no  mistake  if 


STENOGRAPHY.  19 

in  Stenography  we  write  medial  and  final  e  as  small  as  u. 
But,  as  it  is  not  always  easy  for  beginners  to  preserve  the 
relative  size  of  horizontal  curves,  they  are  advised  to  put  a 
dot  over  k,  under  qu,  and  in  u,  until  they  can  read  their 
writing  readily  without  it.  The  dot  renders  these  charac- 
ters distinct,  however  carelessly  they  may  be  written. 

5.  R  is  a  large  quarter-circle,  or,  as  is  sometimes  more 
convenient,  a  straight  stem  with  a  crook  at  the  top  like  rest, 
but  r  is  always  an  up-stroke,  and  rest  a  down-stroke. 

6.  Ex  is  always  a  perpendicular  wave  line  beginning 
like  c  :  take  care,  therefore,  never  to  begin  it  like  b. 

7.  The  short  bl  and  pi,  when  not  initial,  are  drawn  from 
left  to  right ;  but  (except  before  c,  and  characters  taking 
the  direction  of  down-strokes)  when  they  begin  words  they 
are  drawn  from  right  to  left,  so  that  their  left  ends  may  be 
joined  to  the  next  characters.  See  examples  in  the  exercises. 
For  initial  bla,  we  make  bl  as  long  as  a,  drawing  it  from 
right  to  left.  PI.  3,  line  4,  and  PI.  6,  line  11. 

8.  POSITION.      The  first  long  Ch.,  when  there  is  one, 
rests  its  foot  where  we  wish  the  word  to  stand.    If  the 
word  is  to  be  written  on  the  line,  the  letters  must  be  so 
joined  as  to  let  the  first  long  character  stand  on  the  line: 
and  when  we  find  1,  2,  3,  or  f  after  any  termination  or  short 
Ch.,  the  meaning  is  that  the  first  long  Ch.  (in  the  word  to 
which  the  termination  or  short  Ch.  belongs)  stands  in  the 
position  indicated.     The  first  long  Ch.  of  no  word,  unless  it 
is  one  of  the  signs  or  ends  in  y,  can  stand  higher  than  on 
the  2-line.     When  the  Chs.  are  all  shorts  or  horizontals,  the 
lowest  of  the  first  two  down-strokes  rests  its  foot  where  a 
long  Ch.  would  stand.      S,  t,  and  the  ringed  dis,  when  fol- 
lowed by  a  consonant,  take  the  position  of  short  characters. 

9.  As  the  object  is  to  combine  legibility  with  brevity, 
we  can  let  the  Chs.  a,  b,  c,  d,f,  g,  i,  I,  m,  n,  o,  p,  s,  t,  v,  x, 
stand  also  for  ay,  be,  ce,  de,  ef,  ge,  igli,  el,  em,  en,  ouyh,pe,  es, 


20  STENOGRAPHY. 

te,  ve,  ex;  but  the  vowel  is  not  omitted  in  Stenography  when 
its  absence  would  leave  any  doubt  as  to  the  word  intended. 
Thus,  while  we  may  write  da,  ma,  sa,  b,  si,  for  day,  may, 
say,  'be,  sigh,  and  mn  for  men,  we  must  add  e  to  b  in  beat, 
and  prefix  e  to  n  in  mien.  We  can  drop  the  vowel  between 
two  characters  whenever  it  has  the  sound  of  short  e,  as  d-th, 
death  ;  loc-l,  local ;  bas-n,  basin  ;  rand-m,  random  ;  harb-r, 
harbor ;  sr,  sir,  etc.  This  can  cause  no  ambiguity  or  hesi- 
tation, the  vowel  to  be  supplied  having  always  the  same 
Bound.  See  Note  2,  page  34. 

10  Final  y  is  implied  without  writing  it,  by  putting  the 
word  on  the  y-line,  which  is  so  called  because  final  y  is  ad- 
ded in  reading  the  Chs.  upon  it.  Thus,  b,  m,  th,fl,  an,  ever, 
when  put  on  the  y-line  are  read  by,  my,  thy,  fly,  any,  every. 
This  line,  which  is  confined  in  Stenography  to  words  which 
can  be  written  by  one,  two,  or  three  characters  requiring 
no  vowels  to  be  joined  to  them,  is  used  in  reporting  when- 
ever we  can  thereby  shorten  a  word  ;  and  supplies  (what  is 
wanting  in  the  reporting  style  of  most  systems)  the  means 
of  always  knowing  with  certainty  when  y  is  to  be  added  to 
the  written  characters.  Words  ending  in  ay  drop  the  y, 
and  stand  on  the  main  line,  because  the  y  is  silent :  cla  on 
the  y-line  would  be  clayey. 

11.  Each  of  the  Chs.  in  the  alphabet,  except  angloiengl, 
enter  or  inter,  and  super,  naturally,  when  it  is  alone,  stands 
with  its  lowest  part  resting  upon  the  line  ;  but,  as  a  sign 
for  a  particular  word,  the  Ch.  is  at  times  displaced ;  as,  d 
across  the  line  for  done. 

32  To  preserve  the  compactness  and  lineality  of  the 
writing,  it  is  generally  best  to  draw  s,  sub,  and  super,  so  a? 
make  an  acute  angle  with  the  character  after  them ;  but. 
they  must  be  drawn  down  both  before  and  after  r  :  and 
when  final,  up  after  w  and  i.  8  and  t  may  be  long  or  short 
as  is  most  convenient  in  the  first  part  of  a  word  ;  but «  must 


STENOGRAPHY.  21 

always  be  long  before  the  double  characters  ct  and  ro ;  and 
t  always  long  at  the  end  of  a  word.  Final  s,  if  short,  usually 
sounds  like  z. 

13.  When  e,  i,  o,  u,  begin  words,  and  are  followed  by  a 
straight  stem,  their  ends  point  down  before  an  ascending, 
and  up  before  a  descending  stroke.  The  vowels  must  never 
be  so  joined  as  to  alter  the  shape  or  name  of  the  preceding 
character.  It  is  neater  to  let  the  end  of  e  point  up,  when 
the  word  begins  with  eg,  or  ey  ;  aud  down,  in  cb,  ep,  or  ev. 
The  ends  of  e,  o,  u,  are  always  turned  down,  so  as  to  point 
towards  the  bottom  of  the  paper,  after/,  fl,  gr,  r,  the  crook 
eh,  and  all  down-strokes  except  the  ringed  ch,  ill,  v,  w,  and 
wh. 

NOTE.  The  w-dot  put  to  a,  i,  and  the  consonants,  is  all  they  require 
for.w  in  the  middle  of  word?,  but  sometimes  the  curve  and  dot  are  pre- 
ferable. Initial  e  is  always  turned  so  as  to  make  an  angle  in  joining  d, 
m,  r,  s,  t,  w,  and  Chs.  beginning  like  them. 

14.  The  ascending  and  descending  Chs.,  that  have  not  S 
or  G  after  them  in  the  tables  to  show  that  they  are  sJiorter 
or  greater,  are  all  of  one  height ;  and  when  they  are  joined 
by  vowels  or  short  characters,  if  one  ascends  and  the  other 
descends,  you  will  observe  that  the  second  long  char- 
acter is  shortened  so  as  to  prevent  it  extending  higher  or 
lower  than  the  first :  thus,  in  read,  the  d  ends  when  it  comes 
to  the  line  on  which  r  begins. 

15.  F  being  an   up-stroke,  the  following  character  is 
joined  to  the  upper  part  of  the  ring.     The  ringed  dis  being 
a  down-stroke,  the  next  character  is  joined  to  its  foot ;  it 
cannot  standalone  because  it  would  belike/;  it  is  a  conveni- 
ent initial  before  ascending  and  horizontal  characters,  while 
the  double  stroke  dis  is,  in  general,  neater  before  dowu- 
etrokes,  and  used  with  them  in  all  positions. 

16.  For  is  always  represented  by//  and  this  use  of /aa 


23  STENOGRAPHY. 

a  syllabic  Ch.  is  found,  after  a  little  practice,  to  contribute 
to  ease  in  reading  as  well  as  writing.  F&lso  stands  forfer, 
fir,  fur,  when  they  are  short  and  pronounced  alike,  but 
never  for  the  long  sounds  fere,  fire,fure. 

17.  The  crook  ch,  not  being  an  initial,  is  a  convenient 
arbitrary  for  the  pronoun  it.    And  here  we  may  notice  that 
we  always  put  e  for  the  pronoun  Jie  ;  th,  for  the  ;  and  the 
for  they  ;  i.e./they  are  what  we  call  Signs. 

18.  The  crook  ord,  among  Phonographic  Chs.,  p.  11,  is 
the  sign  or  prefixed  to  d,  and  may  be  used   as  a   syllabic 
initial  in  Stenography  if  preferred  to  three  single  letters. 

19.  When  two  consonants  of  the  same  name  come  to- 
gether without  a  vowel  between  them,  we  usually  write 
but  one  ;  if  we  double  them,  as  directed  on  page  9,  they  im- 
ply that  a  vowel  is  to  be  understood  between  them  ;  as  dd, 
for  ded  or  did;  mm,  for  mem,  etc.      In  double  and  syllabic 
characters,  if  we  enlarge  the  ring  of  n  in  inter,  it  becomes 
intern  ;  the  syllabic/,  in  the  same  way,  becomes  forf^  as  in 
forfeit ;  while  the  enlarging  of  the  rings    of   \d,  dl,  rl,] 
«7t  and  temp  adds  I  with  its  vowel ;  as,  shell,  temple. 

20.  Rings  are  of  two  sizes,  single   and   double.     The 
single  ring  should  be  made  as  small  as  will  be  distinct ;  for, 
if  we  double  the  size  of  an  initial  ring,  we  prefix  un  to  the 
character :    thus,  q  important    becomes  Cj    unimportant ; 
while,  as  seen  by  the  last  rule,  the  enlarging  of  the  final 
ring  adds  another  letter  to  the  character. 

The  only  exception  to  this  rule  is  p,  whose  ring  if 
doubled  makes  pp,  and  if  trebled  in  size  prp:  see  Chs. 
page  11. 

21.  Initial  un  may  be  expressed  by  a  short  n  before  a 
straight  horizontal  line  or  down-stroke,  and  this  n  is  short- 
ened until  nothing  of  it  remains  but  the  ring,  before  6,  db, 
op,  fr,  all  up-strokes,  hooks,  crooks,  and  horizontal  curves. 

When  the  next  Ch.  begins  with  a  ring,  we  have  only  to 


STENOGEAPHT.  23 

double  the  size  of  that  ring  ;  and  when  we  have  to  make 
one,  it  must  generally  be  on  the  same  side  of  the  next  Ch. 
as  if  it  had  been  a  long  n. 

The  ring  un  and  super  can  even  go  before  the  initials  ; 
but  for  unen  a  long  n  is  best,  with  the  ring  un  on  the  left 
side  of  the  lower  end. 

To  write  un  before  the  ringed  dis,  merely  change  the 
ring  of  dis  to  the  left  side,  instead  of  enlarging  it. 

22.  For  over  or  under,  we  draw  a  short  horizontal  mark 
over  or  under  the  next  Ch.in  the  same  or  following  word. 
Thus,  for  overlay  we  put  the  mark  over  the  I,  and  for  under 
a  we  draw  it  under  the  left  end  of  the  a.    See  over  a,  p.  113; 
moreover,  p.  112. 

23.  PREFIXES.    We  may  in  the  beginning  of  words 
write — 

b  for  bene.  m,  for'magni*  t    for  trans* 

c  "  circum.       ml  "  multi.*  x    "    extra. 

h  "  hypo.  o     "  omni.  [x   "  expl\* 

Those  marked  *  stand  above  the  line. 
The  b  for  b.ene  is  useful  only  before  /,  as,  b-j 'actor,  bene- 
factor. 

For  circumc,  we  repeat  the  c,  as  in  circumcision  (p.  106), 
and  thus  distinguish  it  from  double  c,  which  is  only  a  larger 
half-circle. 

24.  The  syllabic  character  He  is  used  for  all  words  be- 
ginning with  He  and  Hea,  but  not  for  the  pronoun  He. 

25.  The  short  s  for  super  must  be  written  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  make  the  first  long  character  cross  the  line  ; 
as,  super  with  6  across  the  line  for  superb. 

26.  It  will  occasionally  be  found  plainer  to  separate  a 
sign  from  the  rest  of  the  word,  especially  one  that  has  with 
at  the  beginning  or  of  at  the  end  ;   as,  (  icithout,  l/°° 
thereof. 

27.  Suffix  siib.     Sometimes,  by  attaching  sub,  we  can 


24  STENOGRAPHY. 

intimate,  without  writing,  that  certain  words,  of  relative  or 
opposite  meanings,  are  read  after  the  one  we  have  just 
finished ;  as,  male  sub,  for  male  and  female ;  brother  sub, 
brother  and  sister  ;  hither  sub,  hither  and  thither  ;  above  sub, 
above  and  below  ;  men  sub  sub,  men,  women,  and  children  :  so, 
land  and  water  ;  pen  and  ink  ;  kingdom  of  heaven  ;  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  p.  109 ;  etc. 

CHARACTERS    SHORTENED   AND   BLENDED. 

When  Chs.  are  joined  together,  they  are  so  blended  that 
the  writing  is  greatly  shortened,  in  ways  easily  remember- 
ed, without  interfering  at  all  with  its  legibility. 

1.  All  words  can  be  written  without  thickening  the  Chs. 

2.  But,  by  thickening  k,  qu,  eh,  and  h,  or  any  long  down- 
stroke  in  a  word  standing  on  the  1  or  2-line,  we  add  to  them 
the  sound  of  erd,  and  in  this  way  can  express  four  or  five 
letters  by  one  character  :  thus,  6,  c,  w,  thickened,  become 
bird,  curd,  word ;  7ie  becomes  herd  or  heard,  etc. ;  and  by 
prefixing  medial  u  to  these  thick  Cb.3.,  we  change  the  erd 
into  ured,  as  cured,  insured. 

3.  By  thickening  any  other  horizontal  or  any  short  Ch., 
we  add  d  to  it  (see  advantage,  p.  104) ;  but  this  is  seldom 
done  in  Stenography,  except  in  initial  ind. 

4.  Sd,  st,  and  the  double  s  for  ses  can  be  made  short,  and 
a  and  t  can  often  be  shortened  before  other  letters  ;  but  a 
short  final  s  has  always  the  sound  of  z  :  thus,  we  write  a 
with  short  s  for  as,  and  with  long  s  for  ass.  PI.  1,  line  1. 

5.  B  before  t  becomes  a  mere  crook,  but  in  rbt  is  long. 
(J  also  becomes  a  crook  before  m,  ml,  v,  vl.     See  exercises. 

G.  If  we  put  medial  u  over  the  centre  of  con,  it  becomes 
coun  ;  if  over  the  ring,  it  becomes  cun.  In  the  same  way, 
medial  u  changes  cl,  dl,  fn,  fr,  into  cul,  dul,  fun,  fur 
the  u  in  fur  having  the  long  sound  of  u,  as  in  furious 


STENOGRAPHY.  25 

7.  We  add  I  to  c,  ch,  d,  v,  w  [centr],  sh,  spec,  and  temp, 
by  joining  to  them  the  ring  of  I  without  its  stem  ;  the  two 
rings  meeting  in  sh  and  temp  merely  make  the  ring  largel 
for  slil,  tempi.     See  cl,  dl,  vl,  wl,  in  the  alphabet. 

8.  In  the  same  manner,  the  ring  of  m  is  sufficient,  at  the 
end  of  a  word,  on  the  right  of  I,  p,  cl,  vl,  or  s7i.     PL  4, 1.  10. 

9.  Two  Chs.  running  in  the  same  direction,  often  blend 
or  coalesce  without  confusion,  especially  if  the  first  begins 
and  the  next  ends  with  a  hook,  crook,  or  ring  ;  as  ce,  co,  cu, 
re,  TO,  ru,  we,  w,  we,  wo,  ye,  yo,  ek,  ke,  ok,  ook,  ou,  ue,  eu,  quo, 
tho,  Id,  he-i,  amp  I,  comp-l,  emp-l,  imp-l,  etc.    PI.  1,  line  12. 

If  eu  or  ue  do  not  sound  like  u,  but  make  two  syllables, 
as  in  suet,  they  do  not  blend,  but  the  u-dot  must  be  put  at 
the  end  and  not  in  the  curve  of  e. 

10.  We  can  shorten  a  and  i  if  we  wish  to  show  that  the 
vowel  is  short,  or  that  the  next  consonant  is  doubled  ;  as  in 
latter,  litter,  to  distinguish  them  from,  later,  lighter  ;  but  as 
the  sense  always  directs  to  the  right  word,  this  distinction 
is  hardly  worth  mentioning. 

11.  As  st  can  be  added  to  any  ring  Ch.  by  changing  the 
ring  to  a  hook,  so,  after  a  ring,  st  can  be  added  to  ng,  by 
turning  the  ng  up  like  a  hook.     See  longest,  page  111. 

12.  R  and_/Z  run  with  an  easy-flowing  line,  without  an 
angle,  into/,  y,  n,  g,  r.    For  this  purpose,  in  joining  rf,  the 
stem  of  /  should  be  slightly  bent,  so  as  to  include  both 
letters  in  one  curve,  as  se^n  in  therefore,  wherefore,  pages 
116, 117.     See  Note  4,  p.  34. 

NOTES  ON  THE  TERMINATIONS. 

A  Termination  is  one  or  more  letters  at  the  ending  of  a 
word. 

We  have  seen  that  a  final  y,  when  there  is  not  a  special 
termination  including  it,  is  expressed  without  writing  it  by 


26  STENOGRAPHY. 

putting  the  previous  character  on  the  y-line,  and  that  words 
ending  in  ay  do  not  change  their  position,  but  drop  the  y 
because  it  is  silent,  ay  having  the  same  sound  as  a. 

The  liberty  of  omitting  silent  letters  should  be  very 
sparingly  exercised  in  Stenography,  for  we  find  that  the 
silent  vowel  is  often  required  to  give  the  word  its  proper 
sound,  as  the  e  in  bite,  or  to  prevent  us  from  getting  into 
the  habit  of  misspelling  in  common  writing.  Oil  this  ac- 
count, it  is  better  not  to  omit  the  silent  a  in  season,  sea,  tea, 
etc.  The  obscure  o  in  season  can  be  dropped  with  much  less 
danger  of  forgetting  the  correct  spelling. 

E  in  the  middle  and  end  is  better  to  be  only  about  half  as 
large  as  it  is  in  the  beginning  of  words ;  but  when  it  stands 
alone  or  is  an  initial,  it  should  be  about  the  size  it  is  in  the 
alphabet. 

The  Terminations  in  the  list  or  table,  at  page  13,  all  con- 
sist of  two  or  more  letters,  which  occur  with  such  frequency, 
in  the  same  order,  that  it  becomes  an  object  to  represent 
these  endings  more  briefly  than  by  writing  a  separate  Ch. 
for  every  letter.  Tion  is  an  ending  of  this  sort,  and  in  such 
frequent  use  that  we  have  represented  it  by  the  simplest 
possible  mark — a  dot — and  have  explained  it  fully  in  its 
proper  place.  See  p.  30. 

Many  of  the  terminations  are  not  represented  by  new 
Chs.,  but  the  alphabetic  letter  which  is  most  prominent  in 
the  termination  is  merely  modified,  that  is,  it  is  altered  in. 
shape,  so  that  it  can  still  be  easily  identified  and  remember- 
ed ;  as,  b  in  bility,  and  I  in  lity  and  lest. 

Most  of  the  terminations  can  be  used  for  the  same  letters 
coming  together  in  the  middle  as  well  as  the  end  of  words, 
and  those  which  can  be  so  used  have  M,  E,  after  them,  for 
middle  and  end. 

There  is  no  reason  why  the  crook  ch  should  not  have 
been  put  in  the  table  of  terminations,  except  that  the  page 


STENOGRAPHY.  27 

was  full,  and  it  was  thought  best  to  show  the  middle  and 
final  ch  directly  after  the  initial. 

Unless  there  are  explanatory  capitals  in  the  table  to 
direct  otherwise,  the  termination  is  to  be  joined  to  the  pre- 
ceding letter  in  the  easiest  and  most  natural  manner. 

When  the  eye  runs  over  the  Chs.  representing  the  ter- 
minations, it  is  seen  that  several  are  alike  in  shape  ;  as  NOB. 
1,  9,  25 ;  2,  26  ;  8,  22,  27  ;  8,  37,  47  ;  and  9,  36,  48,  49 ;  but 
the  explanatory  capitals,  at  the  ends  of  the  lines,  show  that 
each  stands  in  a  different  position,  or  is  attached  to  the  pre- 
ceding Ch.  in  a  different  manner  from  those  resembling  it, 
and  thus  becomes  perfectly  distinct  from  every  other. 

It  is  usual,  with  short-hand  authors,  to  make  the  alpha- 
betic letters  serve  for  prefixes  and  affixes  ;  as,»  for  en  or  in, 
enter  or  inter,  and  to  depend  upon  the  context  to  find  out 
the  signification  ;  but  it  will  be  noticed  that,  without  any 
sacrifice  of  brevity,  we  have  provided  for  these  very  common 
syllables,  sometimes  by  modifying  the  alphabetic  Chs.,  and 
sometimes  by  introducing  new  ones ;  so  that  the  words  all 
speak  for  themselves,  and  do  not  depend  upon  others  to  en- 
able us  to  distinguish  them.  In  reporting,, these  new  and 
the  modified  Chs.  add  greatly  to  the  perspicuity  of  contrac- 
tions. 

Next  to  tion,  the  most  useful  terminations  are  able,  ing, 
ly,  OU8,  ness,  with  their  adjuncts:  the  rest,  though  of  minor 
importance,  soon  recommend  themselves  to  the  writer, 
when  he  finds  them  shorter,  neater,  and  more  convenient 
than  single  letters. 

We  will  follow  the  terminations  as  numbered  in  the 
table,  and  give  a  hint  or  caution  as  often  as  it  may  seem 
likely  to  be  of  any  advantage  to  a  beginner. 

No.  1.  Able,  ble,  is  a  horizontal  line  not  more  than  half- 
as  long  as  a.  It  usually  requires  the  next  Ch.  to  be  joined 
to  the  left  end  of  it :  «  and  sh,  however,  are  more  conveni- 


28  STENOGRAPHY. 

ently  joined  to  the  right  end,  as  the  angle  should  never  be 
greater  than  a  right-angle  where  bl  and  s  meet. 

1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  being  terminating  Chs.  that  have  no 
direction  to  the  contrary,  are  joined,  like  other  letters,  to 
the  right  side  of  the  preceding  Ch. 

Ably,  bly.  This  termination  is  the  short  bl  with  a 
quarter-ring  like  a  comma  under  it. 

6.  AugJit  is  represented  by  aut. 

7,  8,  9,  10.  For  Session,  cession,  etc.,  the  short  marks  in 
the  table  are  to  be  joined  to  the  centre  of  the  preceding  Ch., 
to  the  left  side  of  an  up  or  down-stroke,  to  the  upper  side  of 
a  horizontal  Ch.    See  Note  3,  p.  34. 

14,  15,  16.  These  are  composed  of  /  with  I,  c,  and  t 
joined,  contrary  to  custom,  to  the  left  and  under  part  of  its 
ring;  and  whenever  the  next  Ch.  is  connected  with  /  in 
this  manner,  the  sound  sJien  or  shun  is  implied  between  the 
two  Chs.  Thus,  if  we  join  able  or  d  to  the  under  part  of  the 
ring  of/,  we  k&vefasJiionable  or  fashioned.  PI.  5,  line  13. 

18.  Fully  is  an  /  with  the  termination  ly  on  the  left  side 
of  the  ring.      When  a  word  ends  with  ful  or  fully,  we  can 
dispense  with  the/,  and  put  the  dot  or  ly  on  the  left  side,  a 
little  above  or  below  the  preceding  character,  or  in  the  last 
hook,  crook,  or  ring.     PI.  5,  line  12. 

19.  Gence  is  a  short  g,  and  falls  under  a  general  rule  in 
Phonography,  which  requires  the  g  to  be  shortened,  and 
the  first  long  Ch.  to  be  written  across  the  line.     See  No.  56, 
p.  13,  and  Note,  p.  64. 

20.  21.  When  ograpliy  is  joined  to  g  in  geograpJiy,  the 
two  g's  do  not  blend,  as  g's  commonly  do,  but  make  two 
curves.     It  is  on  they  line,  because  it  ends  in  jr.    The  same 
sign  on  the  line  would  be  grapJiical  or  ographical. 

22.  This  Ch.  is  the  same  as  the  initial  in.  It  never 
stands  for  in  at  the  end  of  a  word,  nor  for  ing  at  the  begin- 
ning. As  a  termination,  it  is  not  joined  to  the  preceding 


STENOGRAPHY.  29 

Ch.  for  ing.  If  joined,  it  stands  for  ng  ;  as  in  among.  By 
completing  tlie  half-ring,  it  becomes  nyst ;  as  in  amongst. 
p.  104  By  the  same  changes  in  its  position  and  thicken- 
ing it,  we  may  imply  that  TO,  n,  and  d  are  prefixed  to  ing 
just  as  they  are  to  shun.  These  changes  and  contractions 
are  convenient  for  reporters,  but  ning  only  should  be  at- 
tempted by  inexperienced  writers.  Note,  p.  30, 

25,  26.  These  marks  are  joined  to  the  centre  of  the  pre- 
ceding Ch.,  on  the  right  side  ;  See  PI.  7,  line  6. 

27.  This  quarter-ring  forty,  and  with  a  short  s  for  lies, 
is  used  only  at  the  end  of  words,  and  stands  under  the  end 
of  the  preceding  character. 

28.  This  Ch.  for  Ity  or  lity,  is  I  modified  by  moving  the 
ring  to  the  left,  on  the  line,  so  as  not  to  touch  the  down- 
stroke.    If  we  thicken  the  down-stroke,  it  stands  for  lidity  ; 
and  adding  s  to  the  light  Ch.  it  becomes  lities.     PI.  4, 1.  14. 

In  like  manner,  iy,  or  ity  and  idity,  can  be  added  to  any 
Ch.  with  a  final  ring,  by  moving  their  rings  to  the  left  for 
ty  or  ity,  and  thickening  the  down-stroke  for  dity,  as  in 
pidity,  No.  38.  If  the  ring  Ch.  is  horizontal,  or  the  ring 
ends  on  the  right  side,  it  is  sufficient  to  divide  the  ring  be- 
fore taking  off  the  pen.  PL  5,  line  14. 

The  ty  may  be  changed  to  try  by  enlarging  the  ring  so 
as  to  contain  a  little  ring  resting  against  the  middle  of  the 
Ch. ;  as,  in  sultry.  PI.  4,  line  14. 

30.  This  piece  of  m  is  set  UEP  (i.e.,  under  the  end  of 
preceding  Ch.)  for  final  ment,  and  AP  (after  it)  for  ments. 
Ment,  but  not  ments,  can  be  used  as  a  medial  Ch.,  and  is  set 
like  tion.  Put  over  the  Ch.,  it  becomes  nments. 

31.  The  end  of  ness  points  up,  and  the  end  of  c/t  points 
down.     It  is  joined  like  ch,  and  we  add  a  short  s  drawn 
down,  to  make  nesses,  just  as  we  add  a  short  s  drawn  up 
after  ch  for  ches. 

32.  These  Phonographic  terminations  are  implied  with* 


30  STENOGRAPHY. 

out  writing  them,  by  putting  the  preceding  Che.,  or  first 
long  Ch.  in  the  word,  under  the  line.     PI.  7,  line  8. 

33.  This  is  o  and  k  blended,  and  may  stand  for  ock  ;  in 
ook,  the  ring  of  the  o  must  be  enlarged. 

34,  35.  The  ends  of  these  hooks  should  be  long,  and 
point  to  the  left. 

36.  This  short  t  for  out  can  only  begin  and  end  words 
in  whicli  out  makes  a  whole  syllable.     It  is  joined  to  the 
beginning,  but  disjoined  at  the  end,  and  stands  close  under 
the  line. 

37.  The  short  pi  is  used  with  s  for  the  ending  pies. 

42,  43.  The  s  in  self  and  selves  may  generally  be  omitted, 
and  the  dot  put  over  the  preceding  Ch.  for  self,  and  at  the 
centre  on  the  left  side  for  selves. 

44.  For  'sliip,  the  beginning  of  p  is  joined  on  the  right 
aide  to  the  centre  of  the  last  long-stroke.      By  adding  short 
rs  to  it,  it  becomes  shippers. 

45.  Ther  is  implied  when  we    drop  the  termination, 
shorten  all  the  preceding  Chs.,  and  write  the  word  just 
under  or  across  the  y-line.    PI.  7,  line  12. 

46.  47.  THE  TERMINATION  TION  OB  SHUN. 

1.  A  dot  at  the  end  of  the  preceding  character,  on  the  right 
side,  stands  for  tion,  sion,  and  every  other  termination  that 
has  the  sound  of  shun  ;  under  the  preceding  Ch.,  it  stands 
for  ution  or  tution  ;  over  an  up-stroke,  or  over  the  end  of  a 
horizontal,  for  ention ;  and  after,  or  over  the  middle,  for 
emtion.  The  changing  of  the  dot  to  a  quarter-ring  (or 
curve,  like  the  first  pi)  adds  s,  and  makes  the  plural  shuns. 

NOTE.  The  learner  will  observe  that  m  and  n  are  prefixed  to  shun  by 
changing  the  position  of  the  dot.  In  the  same  way  m  and  n  may  be 
prefixed  to  ing  and  m«nt,  by  changing  the  position  of  those  termina- 
tions. 

2.  If  we  put  the  dot  before  the  last  Ch.  at  the  middle  of 


STENOGRAPHY.  31 

an  up-stroke,  or  on  the  left  side  on  a  line  with  the  foot  of  a 
down-stroke,  we  read  shun  with  a  short  a  or  e  before  the  Ch.,  . 
or  before  the  last  consonant  if  the  dot  stands  before  a  double 
Oh. ;  as,  dot  I  for  tional.    PL  6,  line  1. 

3.  Before  a  modified  Ch.,  like  lity,  we  put  the  dot  before 
the  middle  of  the  Ch.,  and  read  the  tion  with  a  short  a  be- 
fore the  termination  :  thus,  lity,  with  a  dot  before  the  middle 
of  the  I,  becomes  tionality.    PI.  6,  line  1. 

4.  The  contractions  given  above  may  content  the  Steno- 
grapher ;  but  the  Eeporter  will  find  it  convenient  to  go  fur- 
ther, and  use  a  heavy  dot  for  dtion  ;  so  that  his  shun  table 
will  be  as  follows : 

A  dot  will  stand if  light if  heavy 

On  the  right,  at  the  end  for  tion  ;  dtion. 

Under  the  end,  "    ution,  ttion ;     dution. 

At  the  middle,  on  the  right,  ~) 

if  an  up  or  down-stroke,  I     :'    mtion ;'  mndtion. 

or  over  the  middle  of  a  j     "    mntion, 

horizontal.  J 

Over  the  end  of  an  up-stroke  "1 

or  horizontal,  or  on  the  1  ..  «j*-^, 

right  at  the  top  of  a  down-  f         ntwn>  ndtlon' 

stroke.  J 

5.  When  there  is  no  m  or  n  before  dtion,  we  may  express 
the  d  by  modifying  the  preceding  Ch.,  instead  of  using  the 
heavy  dot.      A  sliun  dot  can  never  be  put  before,  but  may 
be  put  after  a  short  Ch.     Then  the  dot  for  emtion  would 
stand  as  high  as  the  top  of  the  short  Ch.,  and  higher  for 
ntion. 

NOTE.    The  learner  will  find  numerous  examples  of  the  foregoing 
rules  in  the  Exercises. 

48.  The  short  disjoined  t  is  put  under  the  end  of  the  pre- 
ceding Ch.  for  tive,  and  the  long  t  for  timty.    PI.  5,  line  8. 

49.  The  short  t  for  tract  always  follows  a  long  «,  and 
makes  the  syllabic  Ch.  struc  or  struct /  we  thicker  the  t  in 


32  STENOGRAPHY. 

gtructed,  as  is  done  for  ted  in  the  alphabet.  It  may  be 
noticed  that,  at  page  11,  the  termination  tude  stands  oppo- 
site to  ted,  to  show  that  tlie  same  td  is  the  best  contraction 
we  can  make  for  tude  when  we  do  not  choose  to  write  it  in 
full. 

50,  51.  The  w  and  s  should  be  the  same  length  in  wards. 
and  the  w  should  have  a  dot  under  it,  or  be  thickened. 

52.  We  can  add  est  to  a  ring  letter  by  changing  the  ring 
to  a  small  hook,  and  ster  by  enlarging  the  ring  without 
closing  it ;  as,  Ister,  mster,  nster.    PI.  4,  line  13. 

53.  In  the  middle  of  words,  rings  and  loops  are  all  the 
same, and  we  make  whichever  happens  to  join  most  easily, 
but  if  we  change  an  initial  or  final  ring  to  a  loop,  we  add  d  to 
that  Ch.     This  contraction,  though  useful  in  Phonography, 
is  not  so  plain  as  writing  d;  but  may  safely  be  used  in 
Stenography  for  ed,  when  the  context  of  itself  would  lead 
us  to  add  the  ed,  even  if  we  did  not  see  it  written  ;  as,  He 
has  turned. 

54.  as  ted  ;  55,  erd,  p.  16 ;  56,  cent ;  gence  f ;  the  rest  are 
used  only  in  Phonography.     To  these  we  may  add  ch  for 
Chester,  and  a  large  g,  that  is,  gg,  for  gogue. 

MISCELLANEOUS    REMARKS. 

1.  Capitals  have  Chs.  in  no  way  different  from  the  small 
letters.     When  we  wish  to  mark  the  occurrence  of  one,  we 
put  two  short  horizontal  marks,  close  together,  under  the 
Ch.     To  show  that  a  word  is  in  capitals,  we  draw  under  it 
3  lines  for  large,  and  2  for  small  capitals.      A  wave-line 
under  a  letter,   and  a  straight  line  under  a  word,  will  show 
them  to  be  in  italics. 

2.  The  smaller  the  rings  and  ends  of  the  crooks,  the 
more  neatly  and  speedily  the  Chs.  can  be  formed.     When  e 
ollows  n,  the  n  should  be  inclined  a  good  deal,  or  its  ring 
will  be  out  of  proportion.     The  fault  of  beginners  generally 


STENOGKAPHY.  33 

is  that  they  do  not  slope  the  inclined  Chs.  enough,  and  in- 
cline those  that  ought  to  stand  upright. 

3.  READING.    If  an  inexperienced  reader  is  at  a  loss  to 
know  where  one  Ch.  ends  and  the  next  begins,  he  must  pro- 
ceed as  in  common  writing,  and  go  as  far  as  possible  to  make 
up  the  first  letter.   It  would  not  do  in  long-hand  to  separate 
the  o  from  the  rest  of  a,  d,  or  g,  nor  the  first  part  of  m  or  w 
from  the  last ;  so  in  short-hand  the  line  and  ring  or  other 
parts  must  go  together  whenever  they  can  be  united  to  form 
one  character. 

4.  Until  you  become  familiar  with  the  Chs.,  you  may, 
in  any  word  in  which  you  think  there  can  be  any  doubt, 
where  two  Chs.  meet,  mark  the  point  by  drawing  a  short 
vertical  or  horizontal  line  across  them,  making  its  ends  of 
equal  length  on  both  sides.     The  same  mark  is  drawn  across 
i  to  blend  or  shorten  ai ;  as,  .-*-£"  liair. 

5.  TEACHING  BY  DICTATION.    The  reader  should  first 
pronounce  the  word  distinctly.      If  there  is  in  it  a  syllable 
represented  by  a  syllabic  Ch.,  he  should  name,  and  not 
spell,  that  syllable ;  and  when  the  letters  are  to  be  repre- 
sented by  a  double  Ch.,  they  should  be  named  in  rapid  suc- 
cession, and  a  distinct  pause  should  be  made  at  the  end  of 
every  Ch.,  whether  single,  double,  or  syllabic ;  as  >/!  in- 
structive ;  a-/*  con-structed  ;    V-  de-struc-tion.     If  it  is  a 
E:gu  as,  \,.  temptation  ;  after  pronouncing  it,  he  says,  "  Sign 
temp-shun."    If  it  is  not  on  the  main  line,  as  company,  he 
says,   "  Sign  comp  on  the  y-line,"  or  as  the  case  may  be. 

5.  Examples  are  better  than  oral  teaching,   and  the 
learner  will  find  that,  though  the  explanations  may  often- 
times seem  intricate,  the  things  themselves  are  very  simple 
as  soon  as  he  examines  the  illustrations. 

6.  As  the  Stenographer  inserts  every  letter  that  is  neces- 
sary to  prevent   the   slightest  hesitation   in   reading,  he 
cannot  go  forward  at  the  railway  speed  he  may  attain  by 


34  STENOGRAPHY. 

adopting  the  abbreviations  supplied  by  the  following  Pho- 
nography. Comparing  his  progress,  however,  with  that  of 
those  who  write  only  long-hand,  it  is  not  unlike  that  of  a 
man  traveling  along  at  his  ease,  drawn  by  a  good  roadster ; 
while  theirs  is  that  of  hapless  pedestrians  who  must  spend 
many  more  hours  in  laboriously  performing  the  same 
journey. 


ADDENDA. 

1.  NOTE  TO  RULE  8,  PAGE  19.— When  a  character  hangs  on  the  line, 
the  top  hook  or  ring  should  rest  on  the  line  so  that  about  two-thirds  of 
a  long  character  would  be  below  the  line. 

2.  NOTE  TO  RULE  9,  PAGE  20. — In  the  middle  of  words  e,  or  vowels 
sounding  like  e,  can  be  left  out ;   and  experts,  when  in  haste,  drop 
nearly  all  medial  vowels. 

3.  NOTE  TO  TERMINATIONS  8,  9,  AND  10,  PAGE  28.— When  a  short 
character  precedes  these  terminations  (see  page  13),  it  is  easier  to  join 
the  character  to  the  last  long-stroke,  as 

tions.    The  termination  ctions  may  cross  the  long  character. 

4.  NOTE  TO  RULE  12,  PAGE  25. — As  g  and  r  are  always  shortened 
when  they  meet,  so  we  may,  for  the  sake  of  liiieality,  shorten  rf,  rg, 
rn  ;  but  they  are  more  distinct  when  full  length. 

5.  NOTE  TO  TERMINATION  19.— (See  also  p.  109.)— When  the  short 
gent  and  gents  stand  for  gentleman  and  gentlemen  they  must  be  half 
rings  to  distinguish  them  from  the  quarter  ring  IN.    The  character  is 
hardly  crooked  enough  on  p.  109. 


EXERCISES 


STENOGRAPHY; 


PULPIT  AND  CORRESPONDING  STYLE. 


36  PLATE  1. 


NOTE.— The  Alphabetic  characters  are  here,  lines  1  and  2,  put  in 
such  order  that  the  student  will  readily  see  the  relative  differences 
between  them.  The  long  letters  are  given  on  line  3,  and  the  horizontal 
on  No.  4.  The  remainder  of  this  exercise  shows  the  manner  of  writ- 
ing two,  three,  and  four  letters,  and  will  be  readily  understood. 


1.  a,  d,  t,  s,  h,  i,  j,  m,  1,  n,  f,  as,  ad,  ass,  ta. 

2.  r,  b,  v,  g,  p,  y,  rb,  vg,  pr,  br. 

3.  b,  c,  d,  f,  g,  1,  m,  n,  p,  r,  s,  t,  v,  w,  x,  y,  z. 

4.  a,  h,  h,  i,  j,  e,  o,  u,  k,  qu,  e,  o,  u. 

5.  n,  y,  m,  p,  ep,  pe,  v,  ve,  w,  we,  r,  re,  ro. 

6.  mm,  nn,  ff,  pp,  prp,  yy,  jj,  oo,  look,  book,  took 

7.  sa,  see,  si,  so,  su,  da,  de,  di,  do,  du. 

8.  ca,  ce,  ci,  co,  cu,  cy,  eg,  cv,  cer,  cure. 

9.  wa,  we,  wi,  wo,  wu,  wes,  wen,  wer,  wef,  wey,  \veg. 

10.  ast,  cst,  1st,  ost,  sta,  ste,  sti,  sto,  stn. 

11.  nt,  nth,  nw,  sw,  sr,  sf,  sn,  sg,  sy. 

12.  ce,  co,  cu,  re,  ro,  ru,  ve,  vo,  vu,  we,  wo,  wu. 

13.  ye,  yo,  ek.  ke,  ok,  ook,  ou,  eu,  ue,  quo,  hi. 

14.  hei,  belt,  heir,  rit,  seek,  sout,  lit,  fit. 


PLATE   1. 
_,  _,  \  J  /VV1   7  L 


2.     /-A  v.^   ^    3>     /^  w  ~Y~ 


3. 

4.  -     .  _    -^  --  o  _  o   /^\/^b^ 

5.  /^  \   ^^  "V    ^.  V, 

G.  ^    .Px0  ^  "0    3 

7.  ZAAAA 


9.       . 

lO^l 

11  X 

12  C 
13 

14      Q-^I    °-f      i-j<p    S~  f    /s     Af 

448416 


38  PLATE  2. 


NOTE.— Single  Letters,  printed  in  italics,  are  not  written.  Double, 
Syllabic,  and  Terminal  characters  are  printed  in  italics  to  denote  that 
they  are  such.  The  student  will  find  each  in  its  proper  place,  in  the 
columns  alphabetically  arranged  on  pages  10-13.  Whenever  a  sign 
word  appears  for  thejirst  time  in  the  following  exercises,  it  will  be 
printed  in  small  capitals.  An  alphabetical  list  of  the  eigns  is  given 
commencing  on  page  103. 


Si.  John's  Gospel,  Chap.  I,  f-12. 

IN  THE  BEGiNNi7i<7  WAS  the  word,  AND  the  word  was 
WITH  GOD,  and  the  word  was  God.  The  SAME  was  in 
the  beginning  with  God.  All  THINGS  were  made  BY 
HIM;  and  without  him  was  NOT  ANYthtn^  made  THAT 
was  made.  In  him  was  life  ;  and  the  life  was  the  light  OF 
men.  And  the  light  shineth  in  dark/teas,  and  the  darknm 
comp  rehended  IT  not.  There  was  a  MAN  sent  FROM  God 
WHOSE  name  was  JoJm.  The  same  came  FOR  a  WITNESS  TO 
bear  WITNESS  of  the  light,  that  ALL  men  THROUGH  him 
MIGHT  BELIEVE.  HE  was  not  that  light,  but  was  sent  to 
bear  WITNESS  of  that  light.  That  was  the  true  light,  WHICH 
lighteth  EVERY  man  that  coMe^A  INTO  THE  WORLD.  He 
was  IN  THE  WORLD,  and  THE  WORLD  was  made  by  him, 
and  the  world  knew  him  not.  He  came  TTNTO  HIS  OWN, 
and  his  own  received  him  not.  BUT  AS  MANY  as  received 
him,  to  THEM  gave  he  power  to  becOME  the  sons  of  God, 
even  to  them  that  believe  on  his  name. 


>  I 


PLATE   2. 


+  3 


, 


^o 

Y 


q  o 


V 

/        / 


cU 


^/o  .  o 


,  L 


40  PLATE  3. 


2"he  T  Line,  and  Syllabic  Characters. 

1.  By,  my,  thy,  any  Ming,  every,  bw  ry,  me  rry,  fury,  try, 
dry,  beau  ty,  emp  ty,  country,  countries,  many  (see  Rule 
10,  page  20). 

2.  De  ny,  denial,  si  ngle,  m  i  ngle  d,  angle  d,  NATUR- 
«1,  internal,  intends,  entered,  interred. 

3.  Kn  ee,  kn  ee  1,  &w  i  t,  kn  ock,  kee  n,  dis  mal,  db  s  t  i- 
n  a  t  e,  opp  o  s  i  t  e,  t  able  s. 

4.  P£  ay,  pi  igh  t,  pZ  igh  ted,  pi  o  t,  p?  ai  n  (see  page  19, 
Rule  7),  staves,  steeples,  stijmZate,  Janets. 

5.  Naples,  tipples,  repeal,  robe,   robber,  rotten, 
says. 

6.  Con  struct,    con  structed,    rest  ore,    does,   r  e  s  o  1  ve, 
sh  o  t,  sh  a  r  e  s,  sh  e  dd  ing,  sh  ore. 

7.  /S7iun,   dull,  cull,  burr,   mules,  mulberry,  mul- 
ct eer,   «7iaves,  said  (see  Rule  6,  page  24). 

8.  Praised,    structure,    stones,     s;/6mit,    s«&ver- 
sive,  SUBJECTS,  sub  tends,   sw&terfuge. 

9.  SUBSTANCE  s,  sub  orned,  sub  m  i  ss  i  ve,  th  u  s,  th  i  s, 
t  h.  o  se,  wh  e  n,   wh  ere. 

10.  S-vrell-ing  super  fine  (see  page  23,  Rule  25),  in  vwl- 
ne  r  able,   bra  ced,   con  t  en  ted,   e  le  ct,  coun  cil,  coun  sel. 

11.  Cunning,  natwr-a\,  swpernatural,  spit,   spotted, 
»A  a  wl,   w  o  m  en. 

12.  Re  spect-able,    temper,  sign,    sigh,    descended,  gen. 
u-i-n-e,  gen  i  a  1,  fl  igh  t  y,  compl  i  c  a  ted. 


PLATE     3. 


L  " 


X  V 


v 


43  PLATE  4. 


^Double,   Syllabic,   and   Terminal    Characters. 

1.  Amp  \,  comp  1,  emp  1,  imp  1,  cul,  dul,  fun  (see  page  24, 
R.  6),  mul,  vul,  \>e  fore,  BE  COME,  com  ing,  come  £y. 

2.  S  in,;/,    w  iVi^r,   r  i«<7,  he  mm  iwgr,   h  igh  £y,  ha  s  t  wz<7, 
fr  ee  ing,  fr  ee  ly. 

3.  S  t  r  in^s,  w  r  ings,  b  r  wr/s,  d  o  ings,  say  i'nys,  cl  ings, 
w  a  v  mgrs. 

4.  M  o  tion,   n  o  tfiora,    r  e  1  a  tion,    s  t  a  lions,    c  r  e  a  tions, 
p  o  r  tions. 

5.  L  a  ment,  f  o  ment,  r  a  i  ment,  c  e  ment,   tor  ments, 
t  e  n  e  m^nts. 

6.  T  a&te,  t  oft^s,  et  ffi?e,  dis  a5/e,  en  able,  in  ability,  dis- 
ability, reliability,  comp-u-t-ability. 

7.  Ha  n  die,  fon  ^/e,  b-ea-(^e,  d-e-c«n^,  r  e  cent,  con  ee/i£, 
comp  1  a  cent,  r  e  t  i  cent. 

8.  In  cfegtZ,  h  a  n  ded,  d  e  fen  <Ze<Z,  s  0/2*7,  1  c?*^,  s  t  r  ong, 
vftongd,  ihong  (see  page  28,  Rule  22). 

9.  "The  i  fore,   vrheifore,  fl-e-sh,  rush,  simp-\e,  recon- 
struct, Bi-ttempt,  Improv-ing,  des-e-rve. 

10.  Lame,  calm,  palm,  vim,  shin,  call,  del,  \el,  chl,  wl, 
shl  (see  page  25,  Rule  8). 

11.  Spec-i-men,  e-dition  (see  page  31,  Rule  4),  d-ou-ife, 
t-op,  hottom,  Jin  i  sht  s  t  op,  o  m  \-tted,  ch  ai  n. 

12.  R  ea  s  o  n,  al  te  r  &tions,  s  1  igh  te  s  t,  bcne  f  it,  prop-r, 
/see  page  23,  Rule  23),  s  w  in  a"fe,  pas  ted. 

13.  (See  page  13,  No.  52.)     Lst,  mst,  fst,  pst  (See  page  32, 
Rule  52),  impair,  Istr,  mstr,  fstr,  pstr,  nstr. 

14.  (See  page  22,  Rule  21.)    Ob,  unob,  op,  unop,  con,  un- 
cou  (see  page  29,  Rule  28),  1,  Ity,  Idty,  Ities,  Itry,  sltry. 


PLATE  4. 

;/  3  -c  \>/  s  -u 


2. 

3.  / 

4. 

5.  < 

6.  I 

7. 
8. 

9.  i 

10  A 
11^ 

12  / 

13  J 

14  ^ 


c,  c 

,     A 


c, 


5         Q+y 


44  PLATE  5. 


^Double,    Syllabic,   and  Terminal  Characters. 

1.  Amp-ty,  emp-i  r  e,  imp  ou  n  d,  imp  o  s  t,  imp  u  r  e,  imp- 
osed, /lamp  e  r,  comp  e  1,  recon  die. 

2.  Amb-e-r,  emb-T older,  imb-ruc,  combined,  compare, 
comp  ou  n  ded,  comp  u  t  e. 

3.  Comp-i  a  i  n,  comp  u  ted,  imp  u  ted,  r  e  p  u  ted,  bla  n  d, 
I/la  me,  bl  o  t,  blee  d  »«<?,  bla  s  t  iw^,  W  i  n  d  ing  (see  page  19, 
Rule  7). 

4.  Cheer,    cherish,    rich,    such,    ache,    touch-iity, 
w  r  e  t  ches. 

5.  Counter  man  ded,     counter  sink,     en  counter,     en- 
counter ed,  des  ire,   des  i  r  ous,  des  i  r  ability. 

6.  Colt,    eZear,    cloth-ing,  cl-imb-ing,   flood,   gr-eeks, 
Jcee  per. 

7.  E  £w,     gwo-t  a,    comm  o  n,     en-ough,     s  igh,    r  ou  t  e, 
t  r  amp  1,   £A  i  s,  these 

8.  Emb ark,  combination,  nobility,  liability,  active, 
a  c  tivity,  a  c  tivities  (see  page  31,  Rule  48). 

9.  Imp-erious,    imp-eri outness,    furious,    frir-i-ousness, 
1  i  ke  ness,   comp  1  exion  (see  page  12,  No.  9). 

10.  Th-ough,    r  ough  ness,  t  oitgh  ness,  sfi-i-ngle,  m  i  ngle, 
li  a  mm  er,  pro  .spcctf. 

11.  Pro  spec  ft  w,  bestowmeHi,  sternly,   unless,  un- 
load ing,    un  m  a  nn  er  ly,    comp  i  1  a  tion,    dej  ection,   (see 
page  12,  No.  9). 

12.  C-a-r-e fully,  mournfully,  tr \\t7i fully,  unfaithful, 
unf  ai  th fully  (page  28,  Rule  18,  faithfulness. 

13.  (See  page  28,  Rules  14,   15,  16.)    F-a-sMon-<!d,  f-a- 
s/aon  able,  unf  a  s/iion  able  (see  page  13,  No.  35),  gracious- 
ness,  deference,  insufficient,  proficiency,  cupidity. 

14.  (See  page  29,  Rule  28.)    Rapidity,  validity,  inva- 
lidity, imp-e  r  f  ection,  ex  i  s  t  ing,  fr  e  sh  ness,  r  e  cumb-e  n  t. 


2. 


G- 


PLATE   5. 


VMr 


10  U  r^ 

11  -vf  vu 

12 
13 
14 


T  T:    T 

1    I     I/ 


Y7 


Kl 


\/ 


46  PLATE  6. 


^Double,   Syllabic,   and    Terminal  Characters. 

1.  Commotions,    delusion,    compensation,    [constitu- 
tion   (see    page    13,    No.    52),    constitutional,    uu consti- 
tution «1],  res  ei"c-&tion,  e  mul  a  tion. 

2.  Expect  a  tions,  fr  u  i  tion,   un  dw£  a  tion,  addle,  r  e  1  a- 
fa'0«,  un  p r ofessionol,  completion,  elections. 

8.  Unable,  undone,  un  known,  unseen,  unbend,  un- 
insured or  uninsured,  undeniably  (see  page  22,  Rule 
20  and  21). 

4.  TTndes  i  r  able,     un  t  aught,    un  s  o  1  d,    un  s  ee  n,    un- 
s  ougli  t,  un  objec  tion  able,  objec  tions,  object,  all  v.sion. 

5.  Un  comp  1  a  i  ning,    \?  inged,    s  ions,    un  sw6  dued,  un- 
substanfia\,   uncles,  un  r  e  a  1,   un  m  a  nn  e  r  1  y. 

6.  Un  time  ly,    un  en  1  ign  te  ned,    un  profit  able,    unfore- 
s  ee  n,    un  tr  u  ly,    un  con  sciousncss,     un  OPEN  ed,    un  1  a- 
mented,  section. 

7.  Un-neard,   un  HAPPINESS,  unrestrained,  persua- 
sion,  a  cfwft  a&^e. 

8.  WITH  bo  Id,   con-Ae  mnation,  disengaged,    UNDER- 
STAND. 

9.  Uno&trusive,     unsight?iy,      in  sub  o  r  d  i  n  a  tion, 
un  con  sumed,    temp  le  (see  page  22,  Eule  19,  line  9). 

10.  TEMPER  [temporal'],  pupils,  ploughs. 

11.  Sene  f  a  c  to  r  s,  pligh  t,  bl  igh  t,  U  igb  ted,  ble  n  ded, 
beloved,  simpered,  extra,  circumference. 

12.  (See  page  23,  Rule  23.)  Magni  tude,  multi  tude,  hypo- 
the  n  u  s  e,  hypo  c  r  i  t  e,  omni  bus,   o  val,  c  ities. 


PLATE  6. 


1,       Sr^   X      Uf. 


2  .    L  v  A.  -V.    -\    /}_. 


G.  1 

7.  Q_ 

8.  ^ 

9- 


V  =. 

A  v_^r  L 

" 


48  PLATE  7. 


^Double,    Syllabic,   and  Terminal  Characters. 

1.  Ten  alle,    a  ssem  Uy,    com  for  t  able,    in  comp  a  r  ulle, 
visibly,  disabled,  enabled,  stables. 

2.  In  s  tability,    a  Uy,    d  aughter  s,    si  augh  tered,    ac  ces- 
sion, intercession,  concession,  concessions,  connection,  conn- 
ections (page  12,  No.  7-10). 

3.  Defection,    affections,    affectionate,    needles,  su- 
fferance, inferences,  reference,  confessional. 

4.  Deficiencies,    insufficient,     before,   fully,    fulness, 
MAN  ly,  con  tin  gence,   con  tin  gent. 

5.  Wil  fulness,  thought  fulness,  telegraph,  geograpJiy, 
geographical,  geographies,   singing,  during,  denying. 

C.  Flings,    turnings,     winged,    "brings,   lion,    lions, 
amp  ly,  simp  ly,  true. 

7.  G  u  i  Ity,  r  e  a  lities,    v  a  lidity,    the  ological,    the  ology, 
Jlrraa  ment,  fer  mented,  1  a  mented,  r  a  tion. 

8.  H  igh  ness,  wit  nesses,    [a  ngry,    s  te  nography,   p  Ii0- 
nography],  d  ock,  ambi  twus,  saga  cious,  s  p  e  cious. 

9.  KIGHTEOTJSSTESS,  con  sciousness,  con  scions,  out,  out  er, 
dispel,     dispelled,    plight,    plighted,    stupidity,    opp- 
ressed. 

10.  Dressed,   b  re«*£,    c  rest,    m  e  res£,    d  i  rest,    b  rcasts, 
p  ressed,  7iea  rest  (see  page  13,  No.  39). 

11.  Improvement    [inscription,    description],  myself, 

,  TOUR  self,  YOUR  selves,  THEM  sehes,  HIM  s^?/",  ouu- 


12.  Worshipper,   v?or-s7iip  [author,  authorize  (seepage 
30,  Rule  45),  author  ized,  author  ity,  neither],  nation,  sta- 
tions,   in  ve  ntion,   in  te  niion,   a  ssump  tion,    comp  u  1  sion. 

13.  Consumptive,     restitution,     destitution,      conte- 
ntions, destructive,    instructive,    reconstructed,    inward, 
re  wards. 


i.  v-  /\ 

2.  ^  , 

3.  \X_^ 
4. 

5. 
6. 
7. 


9- 
10  X 


PLATE  7. 


<r*-     o*f     o-*-    f* 


^> 


c- 


V. 


— T 


/? 


/-/L..C  r  -r^ 


13 


•  vu  *T  V, 


PLATE  8. 

NOTE. — If  the  foregoing  exercises  have  been  thoroughly  examined, 
and  none  of  them  can  be  lightly  passed  over  without  serious  loss,  the 
student  will  now  be  able  to  write  and  decipher  the  following  exercises 
with  comparative  ease.  Only  a  portion  of  the  syllabic  and  terminal 
characters  will  hereafter  be  italicised,  as  he  is  supposed  to  bo  so  far 
advanced  as  to  require  but  little  further  aid  in  thu\  respect 

JZealth  and  Service. 

If  ty  gaining  KNOWLEDGE  we  ruin  OUR  health,  we  labor 
for  a  tiling  that  will  BE  useless  in  our  hand ;  and  if,  by  vex- 
ing our  bodies  (see  page  102,  R.  6),  we  deprive  ourselves  of 
the  abilities  and  OPPORTUNITIES  of  doing  that  good  we 
MIGHT  HAVE  DONE  with  a  minor  talent  which  God  thought 
sufficient  for  us  bj'  having  denied  us  the  strength  to  im- 
prove it  to  that  pitcA  which  men  of  strong  constitutions 
(st  is  added  to  any  ring  letter  by  changing  the  ring  to  a 
small  hook)  CAN  attain  to,  we  rob  God  of  so  much  service 
and  our  neighbor  of  all  that  help  which,  in  a  state  of  health, 
with  moderate  knowledge,  we  might  have  BEEN  ABLE  to 
perform.  He  that  sinks  his  vessel  by  OVEnloadm^  it, 
though  it  be  with  gold  and  silver  and  -precious  stones,  will 
give  his  owner  but  a  poor  ACCOUNT  of  his  trip.  Wisdom  is 
a  defence  and  money  is  a  defence ;  BUT  the  excellency  of 
knowledge  is  that  wisdom  givcth  life  to  them  that  have  it 


PLATE   8. 

6  r-1  r  °-     t, 


/> 


^-"V  t,  v^  /?  0    L 
J  6  °-        / . 


V 


^ 


V 


L  XKL      | 


c 


\ 


~c 


/ 


y 


52  PLATE  9. 


The   Control  of  tfte   'Passions. 

To  subdue  the  -passions  of  those  who  are  all  passion  is 
IMPOSSIBLE;  to  regulate  them  appears  to  be  absolutely 
NECESSARY;  and  WHAT  are  those  passions  which  make 
such  havoc,  causing  striking  differences,  exciting  and  de- 
pressing the  SPIRITS,  leading  to  great  enjoyment,  or  cast- 
ing us  into  the  severest  afflictions ;  what  are  they  more 
than  the  development  of  our  sensibility  ?  Life  is  shortened 
by  indulgence  in  anger,  ill-will,  anxiety,  envy,  grief,  sor- 
row, and  care.  THEREFORE,  it  is  the  province  of  wisdom 
to  EXERCISE  a  proper  control  OVER  the  passions.  If  you 
permit  them  to  GOVERN  you  in-stead  of  your  governing 
them,  you  destroy  the  vital  powers  and  impair  the  whole 
nervous  system.  To  attempt  to  regulate  the  actions  and 
functions  of  the  body  WITHOUT  paying  ANY  attention  to 
those  of  the  mind,  is  like  sitting  down  content  with  avoid- 
ing one  evil,  while  ANOTHER  of  EQUAL  IMPORTANCE  is  still 
impending.  A  wise  man  governs  his  passions,  but  a  fool 
permits  them  to  govern  him.  When  controlled,  they  are 
never-failing  sources  of  df light — the  genial  warmth  that 
cheers  us  along  the  pathway  of  life — uncontrolled,  they  are 
consuming  fires. 

The  stream,  when  it  descends  slowly  from  the  mountain 
and  ripples  through  the  plain,  adorns  and  enriches  the 
picture;  but  when  it  rushes  down  in  an  impetuous  torrent 
overflowing  its  banks,  it  devastates  and  ruins  all  in  its 
course ;  so  the  passions,  if  not  kept  in  subjection,  will  lead 
us  on  to  ruin  of  both  body  and  soul. 


PLATE    9. 

l   x    ,  U  ^  ^  d  *.  '  V; 


V 


^S 

I. 


\  _vi    V  L  vr  L/  i 


5  - 


I   6 


"V,    '  T 
V  ^  .<:  - 


/ 


L  r 

*  /  t 


L 


,      / 


54  PLATE  10. 


(Romans  XII,   f-16. 

I  beseech  you,  therefore,  BRETHREN,  by  the  MERCIES  of 
God,  that  ye  PRESENT  your  bodies  a  living  SACRIFICE, 
holy,  ACCEPTable  UNTO  God,  which  is  your  reasonable 
service.  And  be  not  conFORMed  to  this  world  :  but  be  ye 
tfrawsformed  by  the  renewing  of  your  mind,  that  ye  may 
prove  what  is  that  good,  and  acceptable,  and  PERFECT  will 
of  God.  For  I  say,  THROUGH  the  grace  GIVEN  unto  me,  to 
every  man  that  is  AMONG  you,  not  to  THINK  of  myself 
more  highly  than  he  OUGHT  TO  think;  but  to  think 
soberly,  ACCORDING-AS  God  hath  dealt  to  every  man  the 
measure  of  faith.  For  AS  we  have  many  MEMBERS  in  one 
body,  and  all  the  members  have  not  the  same  OFFICE  ;  so 
we,  being  many,  are  one  body  in  CHRIST,  and  every  one 
members  one  of  another.  Having,  then,  gifts  differing 
ACCORDING-TO  the  grace  that  is  given  to  us,  WHETHER 
PROPHECY,  LET  us  prophecy  according  to  the  proportion  of 
faith;  or  ministry,  let  us  wait  on  our  ministering;  or  he 
that  teacheth,  on  teaching ;  or  he  that  exhorteth,  on  ex- 
hortation:  he  that  giveth,  let  him  do  it  with  simplicity; 
he  that  ruleth,  with  diligence;  he  that  sheweth  mercy, 
with  cheerfulness.  Let  love  be  without  dissimul-dtion. 
Abhor  that  which  is  evil ;  cleave  to  that  which  is  good. 
Be  KiND^y  affectioned.  one  to  another  with  brotherly  (see 
page  30,  R.  45)  love  ;  in  honor  preferring  one  another ;  not 
slothful  in  business;  fervent  in  spirit;  serving  the  LORD'; 
rejoicing  in  hope  ;  patient  in  tribulation  ;  continuing  in- 
stant in  prayer ;  distributing  to  the  necessity  of  saints ; 
given  to  hospitafoYy.  Bless  them  which  persecute  you, 
bless  and  curse  not ;  rejoice  with  them  that  do  rejoice,  and 
weep  with  them  that  weep.  Be  of  the  same  mind  one  to- 
ward another.  Mind  not  high  things,  but  condescend  to 
men  of  low  estate. 


PLATE   10. 


X   -7  T.   - 


Ay- 


—  o     (J 

»      ^   V     t 


r  7       ,  x  .  ^/  ^  / 
_j  I  ^t    I  /  J 


r^ 


cA  C 

I     ^  / 


9^l 

^|/^/     \ 
4       JT>X_     ~N     £j     ^—  ^  - 


/  i 


(    ''    o      ^-  J 

;  r^ 


u.  1 


PART  II. 

PHONOGRAPHY;   OR,  VERBATIM   REPORTING. 

WE  have  evidence  that  the  Jews  had  carried  rapid  writ- 
ing to  a  high  degree  of  perfection  at  a  very  early  period  of 
their  history.  In  the  words,  "  My  tongue  is  the  pen  of  a 
ready  writer,"  the  Psalmist  plainly  intimates  that  the 
scribes  of  his  day  could  write  words  as  rapidly  as  they 
could  be  uttered  by  the  tongue.  The  following  transla- 
tion of  some  lines  from  the  poet  Ausonius,  in  praise  of  an 
expert  writer  in  the  time  of  the  Emperor  Gratian,  confirms 
the  quotation  given  in  the  preface,  from  Martial's  Epi- 
grams, with  regard  to  the  dexterity  of  the  Roman  notaries : 

'•  O  wondrous  art !  though  from  my  lips 

The  words  like  pattering  hailstones  fall, 
Thine  ear  hath  caught  them  every  one, 
Thy  nimble  pen  portrayed  them  all. 

"My  words  no  sooner  are  pronounced 

Than  on  thy  tablets  they  appear; 
My  mind  cannot  keep  equal  pace 
With  thy  light  fingers'  swift  career." — Gouraud. 

No  reporter  of  modern  times  can  do  more,  as  respects 
rapid  writing,  than  these  extracts  show  was  done  by  the 
ancient  Hebrew  and  Roman  scribes. 


53  PHONOGRAPHY. 

A  Phonetic  Alphabet,  by  which  all  the  simple  articulate 
sounds  of  the  human  voice  (which  are  less  than  a  hundred) 
could  be  unmistakably  expressed,  might  be  invented  ;  and, 
if  it  were  universally  adopted,  would  be  one  of  the  most 
useful  applications  of  writing  ever  given  to  the  world. 
But  it  is  an  imposition  for  any  author  to  lead  his  readers 
to  suppose  that  he  has  invented  Chs.  so  short,  plain,  and 
simple,  that  words  can  be  written  as  rapidly  as  uttered  and 
properly  pronounced  by  persons  ignorant  of  the  speaker's 
language.  If,  therefore,  by  Phonography  we  understand 
the  art  of  expressing  the  sounds  of  a  language  by  Chs., 
each  of  which  always  represents  the  same  elementary 
sound,  it  becomes  evident,  the  moment  we  examine  any 
modern  system  of  shorthand  used  for  reporting,  that  it  has 
no  claim  whatever  to  the  title  of  phonography.  It  has 
been  shown  in  the  preface,  p.  x.,  that,  in  one  of  the  latest 
systems,  the  same  Chs.  not  only  represent  many  words 
very  dissimilar  in  sound,  but  that  the  sign  oftentimes  has 
not  the  slightest  approximation  to  the  sound  of  the  word 
it  represents.  In  fact,  the  reporting  style  of  all  the  so-called 
phonetic  systems  gives  quite  as  little  help  towards  the  true 
pronunciation  of  many  of  the  signs,  as  is  given  in  William's 
Stenography  (a  handsome  octavo  published  in  1826),  which 
contains  some  two  hundred  columns  of  words,  each  repre- 
sented by  one  or  two  initial  letters,  with  some  other  letter 
chosen  at  random  and  not  at  all  contained  in  the  word 
itself. 

This  system  introduces  the  phonetic  principle  only  when 
it  contributes  to  shorten  the  writing  ;  as,  laf  for  laugh. 

In  the  Stenography,  I  have  preferred  a  plainly  legible 
style  to  one  for  writing  as  many  words  as  possible  in  a 
limited  time.  All  who  have  learned  that  fuller  and,  as 
compared  with  common  writing,  very  expeditious  method, 
are  able  to  read,  not  only  their  own  manuscript,  but  that  of 


PHONOGRAPHY.  59 

any  correspondent  who  writes  it  with  tolerable  accuracy, 
more  easily  than  if  it  were  long-hand.  If  the  student,  there- 
fore, learns  only  the  Stenography,  he  will  be  amply  com- 
pensated for  his  pains,  and  indeed  will  have  acquired  that 
part  which  is  of  the  most  practical  use  in  the  everyday 
business  of  life. 

But  if  he  is  ambitious  to  acquire  the  art  of  making  a 
verbatim  report  of  speeches,  lectures,  sermons,  and  debates, 
he  must  learn  what  we,  for  convenience,  term  Phonogra- 
phy. He  may  begin  it  as  soon  as  he  has  learnt  from 
Stenography  how  the  Chs.  of  the  alphabet  and  terminations 
are  joined  together  ;  for  the  Chs.  are  the  same  in  both,  and 
he  who  knows  so  much  of  Stenography  can  acquire  the 
Phonography  with  comparatively  little  labor. 

It  is  true  the  writing  will  not  be  as  plain  as  Steno- 
graphy, and  will  require  more  practice  to  read  it  as  readily  ; 
but  it  contains  more  elements  of  legibility  than  reporting 
hands  usually  do,  and  is  more  readable  than  any  of  those 
which  omit  the  initial  and  final  vowels. 

It  is  sufficient,  when  the  utmost  despatch  is  required,  as 
in  following  a  speaker,  to  be  able  to  make  out  with  cer- 
tainty what  we  commit  to  paper  so  hastily,  and  it  is  sur- 
prising how  soon  one  learns  to  read  words  if  only  the  ini- 
tial and  final  vowels  are  given  with  the  consonants. 

Phoneticians  systematically  misspell  words  according  to 
their  sound,  as  shur  and  sliuyer,  for  sure  and  sugar;  and 
substitute  k  and  s  for  the  hard  and  soft  sounds  of  c  ;  often 
t  for  d,  etc.  If  any  one  really  prefers  such  spelling,  he  can 
use  it  in  this  system,  whereas  in  theirs  it  is  the  only 
method  ;  for  most  of  them  have  no  Ch.  for  c,  and  are  com- 
pelled to  write  k  or  s  for  c;  in  many  instances,  v  for/,  g 
forj,  t  for  d,f  for  ph,  s  for  z,  k  for  qu  and  hard  ch, — a  habit 
dangerous  for  those  who  wish  to  remember  the  true  ortho- 
graphy in  ordinary  writing. 


RUI,ES  FOR  WRITING  PHONOGRAPHY 

1.  Write  words  with  only  the  vowels  and  consonants 
heard  in  pronouncing  them  ;  and  drop  every  middle  vowel, 
as  well  as  every  one  which  is  not  distinctly  sounded  at  the 
end,  unless  it  is  included  in  a  syllabic  Ch.  or  termination. 
When  the  vowels  flow  so  smoothly  into  the   consonants 
that  we  can  write  them  without  losing  time,  a  distrustful 
•writer  is  at  liberty  to  insert  them  in  any  doubtful  word  to 
make  it  more  readable ;  as,  i  in  right  or  height,  and  o  in 
thought  or  quote.    When  a  vowel  is  heard  at  the  beginning 
or  end,  it  must  generally  be  written,  except  in  ex. 

2.  The  letters,  Chs.,  and  words  contained  in[  ]  brackets, 
as  also  the  Supplementary  Chs.  at  the  foot  of  p.  11,  now 
come  into  common  use. 

NOTE.  The  consonants  in  [  ],  in  p.  11,  are  those  the  Ch.  stands  for 
in  Stenography,  and  the  Ch.  represents  them  whenever  we  find  them 
following  one  another  in  the  same  order,  whatever  maybe  the  inter- 
vening vowels.  In  reading,  we  shall  find  that  the  t-amc  rowels  which 
belong  to  the  Ch.  in  Stenography  will  frequently  give  us  the  right 
word.  Thus,  comp  becomes  cmp,  and  may,  therefore,  stand  for  camp  ; 
but  in  more  than  9  cases  out  of  10,  comp  will  be  the  only  syllable  that 
will  make  sense  with  the  context. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  61 

3.  That  there  may  be  no  mistake,  we  here  take  from  p. 
10,  etc.,  the  syllables  represented  by  syllabic  Chs.,  in  which 
the  vowels  can  be  dropped.  Amp  becomes  in  the  after 
part  of  words  mp  with  any  vowel  before  it ;  Cent  becomes 
c n t ;  Com, cm;  Comb,  cmb ;  Comp,  e mp ;  Con,  c n ;  Coun- 
ter, cntr  [Ctd  is  used  only  in  the  end  of  words;  Dct  in  all 
positions,  and  also  for  final  dctd];  Dis  ordes,ds;  Inter, 
when  the  Ch.  crosses  the  line,  is  initial  entr  or  intr ;  but 
when  it  stands  on  the  line,  it  drops  the  vowel,  and  becomes 
initial  n  tr ;  Ngl  is  the  same  as  angl,  only  when  ngl  begins 
a  word  it  must  stand  on  the  line ;  Pp  may  have  its  ring 
enlarged  and  be  used  for  p  r  p  ;  Recon,  r  c  n  ;  Rest,  r  s  t ; 
Ramp,  r  mp;  Spec  or  sped,  sp  c  or  sp  ct ;  Sted,  s  t  d;  Struc 
or  struct,  utr  c  or  str  ct ;  Sub,  sb  ;  Super,  s  p  r,  which  re- 
quires the  word  to  be  so  placed  that  the  first  long  Ch.  will 
cross  the  line;  Ted,  td  (which  now  stands  at  the  end  of 
words  for  t  d  and  1 1  d),  requires  s,  whether  before  or  after 
it,  to  be  short ;  Temp,  t  mp.  The  Supplemental  Chs.  are 
read,  though  not  written,  with  intervening  vowels. 

4.  When  two  letters  of  the  same  name  meet,  write  but 
one ;  as,  ms  for  mess  ;  se,  see  ;  btr,  better  ;  er,  err. 

5.  But  when  two  consonants  of  the  same  name  have  one 
or  more  vowels  between  them,  write  both  consonants,  as 
nn  for  nun  or  none;  err  for  error. 

6.  The  consonants  that  are  silent  or  not  heard  very  dis- 
tinctly   are  omitted ;  as,  c  before  k  in  sick ;  p  and  I  in 
psalm  ;  w  in  write.    H,  even  when  sounded,  is  rarely  neces- 
sary in  the  after-part  of  words,  unless  it  belongs  to  a  double 
character. 

7.  (1.)  .Dmay  be  added  to  any  initial  and  final  ring  Ch.,  by 
changing  the  ring  to  a  loop,  and  another  d  may  be  added 
by  thickening  the  end  of  that  loop.     PI.  15,  line  1. 

(2.)  Thickening  k,  q,  ch,  and  h,  or  any  long  down-stroke 
standing  on  the  1  or  2  line,  adds  rd  or  rt — rd  if  we  thicken 


62  PHONOGRAPHY. 

the  end,  rt  if  we  thicken  the  beginning — rd  or  rt  if  we 
thicken  the  whole  or  the  middle  of  the  Ch.  PI.  11,  line  12. 

(3.)  The  thickening  of  a  short  or  horizontal  Ch.  adds  dto 
it  in  all  positions.  We  must  except  k,  q,  and  the  horizon- 
tal cfi,  which  belong  to  the  previous  rule.  In  the  termina- 
tions tion  and  ing,  the  d  is  put  before  the  tion  and  ing,  BO 
that,  when  thickened,  they  become  dtion  and  ding. 

(4.)  The  thickening  of  a  long  down-stroke,  not  standing 
on  the  1  or  2  line,  adds  only  d  to  it. 

(5.)  In  modified  Chs.  like  mem  or  lity,  if  we  thicken  the 
Ch.  we  must  read  the  rt  or  rd  immediately  after  the  first 
letter,  as  mrtm  for  maritime,  Idty  for  lidity. 

NOTE.  If  any  one  is  dissatisfied  with  the  abbreviations  made  by 
this  or  any  other  rule,  he  can  write  the  words  as  in  Stenography, 
only  leaving  out  the  middle  vowels. 

8.  Nt  is  added  to  any  short  or  shortened  Ch.  whenever 
it  is  required  to  complete  the  sense.    PI.  15,  line  2. 

9.  In  a  short  or  shortened  Ch.,  written  across  or  under 
the  line,  nee  or  nty  is  added  whenever  it  is  required  to  com- 
plete the  sense  :  thus,  by  shortening  he   and  writing  it 
under  the  line,  it  becomes  hence.    PI.  15,  line  3. 

10.  As  it  is  sufficient  to  put  the  dot  for  full  in  the  last 
hook  or  ring,  so  we  can  put  it  in  the  crook  of  ness  for  ful- 
ness, as   _» 

11.  If  another  Ch.  is  added  to  the  arbitrary  °  of,  it  is  so 
joined  as  not  to  look  like  a  ring  Ch.,  as  in  some  signs,  p. 
29  :  it  is,  however,  almost  as  easy  to  write  o  and  /.     For 
speed,  we  may  sometimes  write  fr  for  phr,  and /for  ph. 

12.  When  r  follows  short  rv  in  the  after-part  of  a  word, 
they  make  an  angle  in  joining-;  but  the  angle  is  not  neces- 
sary in  beginning  a  word,  as  the  line  shows  where  they 
unite ;  as,  rvrs  (7  for  rivers. 

13.  It  is  often  an  object  with  a  Phonographer  not  to  lose 


PHONOGRAPHY.  63 

even  the  time  required  for  making  a  dot ;  we  therefore 
omit  the  dot  in  k,  qu,  and  u  :  the  e  and  u  should  be  quite 
small,  so  as  not  to  spread  more  than  half  as  much  as  k  and 
qu.  The  u  retains  the  dot  in  the  signs  upon  and  unto. 

14.  Of  between  words  can  be  implied  by  putting  the  last 
close  to  the  first.     We  may  sometimes  lap  one  over  the 
other,  as,  in  the  phrase  some  of  them,  them  may  stand  under 
the  s. 

15.  When  the  intermediate  vowels  are    dropped,  the 
same  consonants  will  not  unfrequently  come  together  and 
represent  different  words :  but  the  sense  of  the  passage  will 
enable  the  reader,  with  such  help,  to  select  the  right  word, 
and  not  only  so,  but  one  letter  or  syllable  will  often  bo  suf- 
ficient to  suggest  the  word ;  or  he  may  even  altogether 
omit  words  in  well-known  phrases  and  sentences.     It  may 
Beem  to  a  novice  impossible  for  any  one  to  make  out  manu- 
script written  agreeably  to  all  the  rules  for  Reporting,  but 
every  art  and  science  seems  difficult  until  practice  makes 
it  easy  ;  and  those  who  adopt  the  most  abbreviated  style  of 
Phonography,  in  time  read  it   with   a  facility  surprising 
even  to  adepts  in  Stenography. 

16.  The  Terminations  have  been  explained  under  the 
head  of  "Notes  on  the  Terminations;"  and  observe,  that 
those  which  in  the  table  have  no  [  ]  brackets,  never  change 
their  vowels :  thus,  the  Ch.  ous,  p.  13,  No.  34.  which  stands 
also  for  slius,  can  only  be  used  when  the  word  really  ends 
in  ous  ;  as,  gr  situs,  gracious. 

17.  When  the  table  gives  no   syllabic  termination  to 
shorten  a  word  ending  in  y,  that  word  must  be  written  on 
the  y-line. 

18.  S  joined  to  short  thick  ted  (which  now  stands  for  td, 
and  in  the  after-part  of  words  for  ttd)  is  always  short ;  as 
in  sted  for  stead,  stayed;  or  sttd   A  for  stated,  situated;  but  a 
must  be  always  long  before  t  in  struct  and  structed. 


84  PHONOGRAPHY. 

19.  S  is  long  in  ay,  and  short  in  ies,  ise  ;  and  all  words 
with  these  endings  are  written  on  the  y-line. 

20.  If  we  write  short  s  and  t  in  words  beginning  with 
those  consonants,  long  s  and  t  will   signify  that  the  ini- 
tial vowel  a  or  e  is  dropped,  as,  ss  n,  for  assassin.    It  is  bet- 
ter, however,  not  to  use  the  initial  short  s  in  words  below 
the  line,  as  it  would  there  interfere  with  super. 

21.  If  we  drop  ngr,  etc.,  p.  13,  No.  32,  and  put  the  pre- 
ceding Ch.  under  the  line,  we  must  recollect  that  s  is  not 
shortened  before  a  termination  but  when  it  is  the  last  con- 
sonant in  a  word  ;  therefore,  if  we  write  ms  under  the  line 
for  messenger,  s  will  be  long,  and  if  we  add  s  for  messen- 
gers, the  last  s  will  be  short.   This  is  a  rule  of  very  wide  ap- 
plication, enabling  us  to  express  by  one  Ch.  a  large  num- 
ber of  words  consisting  of  many  letters  ;  as  anger,  danger, 
ginger,  hunger,  linger,  manger,  ranger,  singer,  vinegar, 
changer,  etc.    PI.  15,  line  4. 

22.  Short  rst  like  rest  (p.  13,  No.  39)  is  only  the  begin- 
ning of  long  rest,  and  is  joined  in  the  same  way  by  drawing 
it  towards  the  left ;  as,  brstr   ~~j£~  for  barrister. 

23.  When  ness  or  ly  follows  tive,  the  ness  or  ly  should 
be  joined  to  the  tive.    See  tinely  after  tongue,  p.  116. 

24.  Metic  or  matic  may  be   expressed  by  putting  the 
character  for  t  so  that  the  middle  of  it  will  be  even  with 
the  end  of  the  preceding  character   as  /^~  \  rJievmatic. 

25.  Metical  and  matical  may  be  expressed  by  placing  the 
character  for  I  as  in  the  former  rule  as  ^s- &  dramatical. 


INSERTION    OF    DISCONNECTED    VOWELS. 


Those  systems  which  have  no  connecting  vowels,  en- 
.deavor  to  supply  the  want  of  them  by  various  contrivances, 
of  which  the  simplest,  though  not  the  most  helpful  to  the 
reader,  is  the  putting  of  a  dot  or  comma  wherever  a  vowel 
or  diphthong  is  required.  Others  provide  a  distinct  mark 
for  the  sound  of  each  vowel ;  and,  though  we  have  no  occa- 
sion for  such  a  method,  we  will  here  give  similar  marks, 
which  will  enable  any  one  to  transform  our  Phonographic 
notes  into  a  hand  very  like  that  which,  in  Pitman's  Pho- 
nography, is  called  The  Corresponding  Style. 

They  are  not  of  much  value  in  our  system  ;  still,  as  the 
dropping  of  the  middle  vowels  in  the  hurry  of  Reporting 
will  now  and  then  leave  a  word  doubtful,  we  may  at  eur 
leisure  here  and  there  supply  the  place  of  a  missing  vowel 
with  one  of  these  marks,  in  notes  which  are  intended  to  be 
laid  aside  for  perusal,  when  perhaps,  the  subject  will  have 
been  forgotten.  It  will  be  sufficient  to  write  the  easier 
form  of  each  vowel,  as  in  the  first  line,  unless  in  some  rare 
word  we  wish  to  show  the  exact  sound.  They  are  inserted 
like  medial  u.  See  p.  15,  Sec.  5. 


6G  PHONOGRAPHY. 

Very  little  use,  we  imagine,  will  be  made  of  these  vowel- 
marks,  but  they  will  serve  as  an  example  of  the  only  man- 
ner in  which  the  whole  vowel  notation  of  some  systems  is 
expressed. 

The  marks  sound  like  the  vowels  in  the  words  under 
them. 

a,      e      i      o      u      oo    oi    ou       wa        a   aw 
THIN  _       r>       I       O        .        «j      V-       /•  /.         <-r 

"b«rt,  bet,  btt,  "bet,  'bwt.  foot,  oil,  out,  asswage    ah.  all. 

a        e        a         o         xi.      oo 
THICK        „        f\         |         O         •        */ 
mate   mete,  mite,  mote,  nuite.  fool. 

NOTE.  In  a  double  or  syllabic  Ch.,  the  dot  or  mark  is  put  at  the 
Centre  on  the  left  without  touching  the  Ch.  A  vowel  between  two 
Chs.  must  have  its  mark  at  the  top  of  the  first  Ch.  if  they  are  joined  at 
the  top,  and  at  the  foot  if  joined  at  the  foot.  When  the  vowel  is  at 
the  head,  it  is  better  to  put  the  marks  on  the  left  than  directly  overlt. 

In  pointing,  that  mark  is  affixed  which  best  expresses 
the  sound ;  as,  ft  sought.  If  two  vowels  come  together, 
they  are  put  side  by  side  ;  as,  \i»  defiant.  Write  L-p»  hitch. 

HOW    TO    READ    REPORTING    HAND. 

In  case  of  doubt,  e  or  some  other  vowel  is  inserted  be- 
tween the  consonants,  and  the  syllables  are  then  pronoun- 
ced distinctly ;  thus,  for  terror,  written  trr,  we  read  terer  ;  and 
this,  with  the  sense  of  the  passage,  will  always,  after  a  little 
practice,  direct  us  to  the  right  word. 

When  a  contracted  Ch.  blends  with  that  before  it,  the 
last  is  the  shortened  one,  and  must  be  read  accordingly  ; 
as,  ~v°  pronounce,  /^  insuigents,  both  of  these  words 
being  written  across  the  line. 


PHONOGRAPHY.  67 

PHRASE  WRITING. 

To  prevent  loss  of  time  by  raiting  the  pencil  from  the  pa- 
per, the  Reporter  may  unite  two,  three,  or  four  short  words 
or  signs,  whenever  they  will  join  ueatly  without  running  too 
far  away  from  Ihe  line  or  confusing  the  reader.  In  doing 
this,  the  last  word  that  is  not  on  line  2,  must  keep  its  place  ; 
and  if  any  of  them  belong  on  line  2,  they  can  be  moved,  if 
necessary,  to  enable  those  not  on  it  to  preserve  their  proper 
position.  If  all  are  on  the  line,  they  stand  just  as  if  they 
were  one  word.  Thus,  the  last  Ch.  in  by  thy  stands  on  the 
y-line.  In  1r  as  they  have  not,  the  Chs.  stand  as  if  all  one 
word. 

1.  Shorten  have  to  have  not  only  after  e,  i,  o,  «,  y,  that  it  may 
not  interfere  with  able.    The  signs  he  aud  /  turn  either  way 
in  phrases. 

2.  Drop  the  in  the  middle  of  phrases  ;  as,  in-last  place  •  and 
imply  of  the  between  words  by  overlapping  them  a  little,  or 
writing  them  close  together. 

3.  A  word  immediately  repeated  is  expressed  by  repeating 
the  separated  termination  :  as,  ^  holy,  holy,  holy. 

4.  In  Rule  27,  p.  23,  if  we  shorten  sub,  we  read  or  for  and ; 
as,  ^€J  more  or  less  ;    $  father  or  mother. 

5.  May  and  she  seldom  require  vowels  in  phrases  ;  as, 
V~\  may  have  been. 

6.  From  day  to  day,  from  place  to  place,  etc.  are  briefly  ex- 
pressed by  writing  the  repeated  words  close  together  ;  as, 

I!  from  time  to  time. 

7.  The  short  t  ior  to  often,  begins,  but  can  seldom  end  a 
phrase. 


TO  THE   STUDENT. 


THIS  Phonography,  as  has  already  been  stated  in  our  definitions, 
page  1,  has  for  its  basis  the  same  characters  as  the  Stenography,  and 
"expresses  with  the  utmost  brevity  the  sound  of  words,  dropping 
every  letter  that  can  be  omitted  consistently  with  a  due  regard  to  their 
legibility."  If,  therefore,  it  is  your  desire  to  master  the  art  of  report- 
ing, your  first  task  will  be  to  make  yourself  acquainted  with  the  char- 
acters, and  their  mode  of  joining,  as  set  forth  in  Part  I.  Having  ac- 
complished this,  you  will  next  take  up  the  following  exercises,  which 
gradually  introduce  the  methods  of  contraction  and  abbreviation  (as 
given  under  the  head  of  "Rules  for  Writing  Phonography,"  pages 
60-64),  and  furnish  every  means  of  insuring  the  greatest  brevity  and 
rapidity.  The  exercises  are  inductive,  and  you  will  discover  very 
little  difference  between  the  advanced  Corresponding  and  the  primary 
Reporting  examples  given  in  Plates  13-14.  The  key-pages  have  been 
printed  in  such  a  way  as  to  enable  you  to  see,  at  a  glance,  exactly  what 
characters  are  used  in  each  word.  It  will  be  an  easy  matter  to  apply 
the  same  principles  in  parallel  cases.  Immediately  after  these  exercises, 
an  Alphabetical  List  of  our  Signs  is  given.  (See  page  101,  No.  2.)  The 
analysis  of  them  will  be  found  both  interesting  and  profitable  after  you 
have  mastered  the  few  pages  that  follow  this.  Many  persons  learn  the 
eigus  without  regarding  the  elements  composing  them.  This  is  a 
great  mistake.  By  turning  to  the  Introduction  to  and  the  "Notes  on 
the  Signs  "  yon  will  find  a  number  of  valuable  suggestions  as  to  the 
manner  of  their  formation  and  the  best  mode  of  learning  them.  Pay 
close  attention  to  these  hints,  and  more  than  half  the  time  and  labor 
yon  would  otherwise  spend  will  be  saved. 


EXERCISES 

IN 

PHONOGRAPHY; 

OB, 

THE  REPORTING   STYLE. 


70  PLATE  11. 


NOTE.— This  exercise,  for  the  most  part,  illustrates  the  first  five 
rules  commencing  on  page  60. 

1.  Their  names  were  written  on  tablets  for  more  durable 
than  brass  and  marble. 

2.  Empire,  emperor,  tarry,  bearer,  basin,  cousins,  class, 
close,  closed,  dearer,  foretell  or  fertile,  suffer,  stated.    (See 
page  60,  R.  1.) 

3.  Situate,  spot,  safe,  send,  sir,  gain,  guide,  game,  jug, 
bees,  formal,  enters,  compete. 

4.  Impute,  dis  trac  ted,  dusted,  lasted,  latitude,  late,  com- 
mitted, competed,  amputate,  amputated,  strive,  strew,  stern, 
sin  or  sine,  drug. 

5.  Lean,  object,  singled,  mingled,   minds,  lines,  passes, 
possesses,  potters,  leggo-type. 

6.  Stamps,  settle,  sell,  pines,  pest,  misses,  Moses,  pepper, 
proper,  pot,  potted,  gun,  shot. 

7.  Shelter,    shell,    burned,    subdue,   subterfuge,   submis- 
sively, gained,  spend,  smell,  tried. 

8.  Stirred,  sturdy,  steady,  steed,  straight,  or  strait,  com- 
press, repress,  distress,  pl-o-t,  fires,  dresses,  lifted. 

9.  Superfine,  countermand,  umbrage,  embryo,  lump-lighter, 
tempter,  fright,  free,  natural,  naturalist,  supernatural,  snail. 

10.  Set,  support,  spiral,  takes,  dissuade,  subdue,  suborn, 
submissive,  subtended,  seize,  males,  females,  dented. 

11.  Situate,  steed,  settle,  sell,  spare,  spares  (see  page  61, 
line   14),    spared,   spiritual,    spiritualist,    smite,    summer, 
demur,  demurred,  defer,  defied. 

12.  (See  page  61,  R.  7,  No.  2.)     Interred,  varied,  pride, 
tarred,  cried,  dried,  short,  mart,  smart,  smeared,  salaried, 
sobered,  subdued,  comprised,  disease,  seedy. 

13.  Trod,  broad,  marred,  HYPOCRISY,  abode,  encountered, 
scoundrel,  tedious,  tread-mill,  adequate,  inadequate. 

14.  Addition,  universal,  traced,  embraced,  dust,  distance, 
fountain,  fountains,  found,  fondle,  foundation,  trad-tion. 

15.  Morning,  evening  (see  page  29,   line  6),  restitution, 
station,  situation,  destination,  determination,  illumination 
(see  Rule  4,  page  31),  examination,  irritation,  ordination, 

SUBJECTION. 


PLATE  11. 


2. 

3.       I  Sj  X"  M  ^J  ^A  ^A 

6.    V1  1  >^  >  V/  V  T  75"  •)  ^  3 

7. 

8. 
9. 

10 

11    l/i    J  '<JX  ^  x 

12  r  v.  ^  i  c  \ 

13  I   ">   ^^  ^ 

14-.  r  ^  v<-xi\ 

15  V  ~V  /•  xi.  xi  VI'  Vi 


73  PLATE  12. 

NOTE.— The  words  printed  in  italics,  with  a  hyphen  between  them, 
are  phrased. 

St.  John's  Gospel,  Chap.  X,  /-/<?. 

Verily,  verily  (see  page  67,  Kule  3),  I-say-unto-you,  he 
that  enter  th  not  by  the  door  into  the  sheepfold,  but  climb- 
eth  up  some  other  way,  the  same  is  a  thief  and  a  robber. 
Bat  he  that  entereth  in  by  the  door,  is  the  shepherd  of  the 
sheep.  (See  page  63,  Rule  14.)  To  him  the  porter  (see 
page  62,  line  1)  openeth ;  and  the  sheep  hear  his  voice :  and 
he  calleth  his  own  sheep  by  name,  and  leadeth  them  out. 
And  when  he  putteth  forth  his  own  sheep,  he  goeth  before 
them,  and  the  sheep  follow  him  :  for  they  KNOW  his  voice. 
And  a  stranger  will  they  not  follow,  but  will  flee  from  him : 
for  they  KNOW  not  the  voice  of  strangers.  This  paroWe 
spake  Jesus  unto  them :  but  they  understood  not  what 
things  they  were  which  he  spake  unto  them.  Then  said 
Jesus  unto  them  again,  Verily,  verily,  I  say  unto-you,  I-am 
the  door  of  the  sheep.  All-tliat  ever  came  before  me  are 
thieves  and  robbers:  but  the  sheep  did-not  hear  them. 
I-am  the  door :  by  me  if  any  man  enter  in,  he-shall^be 
saved,  and  shall  go  in-and-out  (see  page  23,  Rule  27),  and 
shall  find  •pasture.  The  thief  cometh  not,  but  for  to  steal, 
and  to  kill,  and  to  destroy. 


/"N  L  v  r  i 


PLATE  12. 

-L  •        J  J 

/ 

i  s  ^  dL  (. 


2     V 
*      \ 

3. 

4.  ^  °-  /   ^ 

n  .     ^  /-N    "^ 

5.  <  s~^;' 
/D\SC?^-:/°^p(- 

6     I/  "If —   "S-N        si/  \  •  1   L    -^   ^v  L 

7. 

8.  .Z.  s^>-  — \  L  "W      1  ^-N  S  "V  "V  /"  I 


9.     .rV^   1  L   ^«_  \   ,   -\  L  V:       V 

'N^XJ    ^  /^  ,  y^^  XT  /  D.i 

V/** 


74  PLATE  13. 


/  Corinttiians,  Chap.  XIITj  1-9. 

Though  I  speak  with  the  tongues  of  men  and  of  angels, 
and  have  not  charity,  I-am  become  as  sounding  (by  putting 
ing  above  the  s,  and  thickening  it,  we  have  nding — see 

- 

page  28,  Kule  22,  and  note  on  page  30)  brass,  or  a  tinkling 
cymbal.  And  though  I-have  the  gift  of  PROPHECY,  and 
understand  all  -mysteries,  and  all  knowledge ;  and  though 
I-Mve  all  faith,  so-tMt  I-could  remove  mountains,  and  have 
not  charity,  I-am  nothing.  And  though-I  bestow  all  my 
goods  to  feed  the  poor,  and  though  I  give  my  body  to-be 
burned,  and  have  not  charity,  it  PKOFiTeth  me  nothing. 
Charity  suffereth  long,  and  is  kind  ;  charity  envieth  not ; 
charity  vaunteth  not  itself,  is  not  puffed  up,  doth  not  be- 
have itself  unseemly,  seeketh  not  her  own,  is  not  easily  pro- 
voked, thinketh  no  evil,  rejoiceth  not  in  iniquity,  but  re- 
joiceth  in  the  truth,  beareth  all  things,  believeih  all  things, 
nopeth  all  things,  EXDURETH  all  things.  Charity  never 
faileth :  but  whether  there  be  prophecies,  tliey-shall  fail ; 
whether  there  be  tongues,  they-shall  cease ;  whether  there 
be  knowledge,  it  shall  vanish  away.  For  we  know  in  part, 
and  we  prophesy  in  part. 


i.  L 


PLATE  13. 

I 


2.  _      i 

/i   1 


;•  U 


_  / 


3.    . 


C 


S 


S\  I  "V  ,  U 

.  _  /  c 

C  C 


6. 

7. 


J^'  ^J^  p 

IT^  L, 


76  PLATE  14. 


NOTE.— Observe  particularly  in  this  exercise,  the  mode  of  implying 
Qf  (see  Eule  14,  page  63),  ther,  nee. 

1-6.  On  the  10th  of  June,  1871,  a  bronze  statue,  w7tic7i-had 
been  placed  in  Centr&L  Park,  in  HOXOR  of  Professor  Morse, 
the  inventor  of  the  ELECTRIC  telegraph,  was  unveiled  by 
the  GOVERNOR  of  MASSACHUSETTS,  in-the-presence-of  Morse 
himself  and  several  thousand  spectators.  The  Governor  of 
New  York  began  the  appropriate  (a-prp  rt)  addresses  which- 
were  DELIVERED  on  the  occasion ;  and  Morse  received  from 
all  QUARTERS  CONGRATULATIONS  by  the  telegraph,  which-is 

now  the  means  of  instantaneous  communication  with  people 

i 
throughout-tTie-world. 

7.  The  love  of  money  is  the  root  of  all  evil.    Take  heed 
and  beware  of  covetousness. 

8.  The  unbelieving  Jews  stirred  up  the  people,  and  made 
their  minds  evil-affected  towards  the  brethren. 

9.  (See  page  30,  Rule  45.)    Northern  and  southern  HEMI- 
SPHERES.    Do  this  in  remembrance  of  Me. 

10.  Recommendation,  shelled,  dazzle,  empty,  ministers, 
ministry,  accent,  infant,  fountain,  finance,  inform. 

11.  Varieties,  plenty,  city,  definite,  shortest,  circulation, 
calculation,  acquit,  acquittance  (see  page  62,  Rule  9),  de- 
liverance, lame. 

12.  Almost,  free-will,  fore-knowledge,  busy,  boys,  babies, 
babes,  dressed,  transitory,  SWITZERLAND. 


2. 

a. 

4. 
5. 

6  . 

7. 


13 


PLATE  14. 


-  o< 


J    i  v^  P    ^ 

i/lx-         o^ 

f  ^ 


9 


\ 


78  PLATE  15. 


1.  (See  Rule  7,  page  61.)     Fed,  aid,  led,  mode,  ned,  pawl, 
send,  sold,  nailed,  told,  repaid. 

2.  (See  Rule  8,  page  62.)    Bent,  cent,  dent,  gent,  lent, 
ment,  rent,  sent,  tent,  vent,  went,  mountain,  fountain,  client, 
amount,  evident. 

3.  (See  Rule  9,  page  62.)    Gents,  hence,  fence,  sense,  tense, 
mince,  pence,  dense,  clients,  amownts,  defendants,  defence, 
complaints,  relents,  pretence. 

4  (See  Rule  21,  page  64.)  Anger,  manger,  linger,  hwn- 
ger,  ranger,  ginger,  messenger,  finger,  danger,  singer,  chan- 
ger, avenger,  wringer. 

5.  Division,   p<?  sition,    diff  union,    de  cision    (see    STON, 
Z-SHUN,  L'TION,    and    C-SHTJN    terminations),   contr  o  vert, 
affected,  ind  is  pens  able,  in  comp  lete,  decomp  ose,  a-comm  o- 
doted. 

6.  Inter  change,    i  RRECONCiLaoZe,    re  comb  ined,     SELF 
respect,  SELF  ish,  uncompared,  uncombined,  undismayed. 

7.  Claimant,  in  cumbewtf,   re  cumbe?z^,  con  j  un  ction,   in- 
terval, inconvenient,  in  con  ceiva&Ze,  postpone. 

8.  Spirituality,    sens-ation,    endanger,    dangerous,    ex- 
action, convocation,   revelation,  revolw^ion,  counter  sign. 

9.  Drive,  punishments,  assignments,  seafaring,  specw- 
1  ate,    financial,    railroad,    opposite,     arrangement,    pro- 
tracted  (see  page  31,  Rule  49). 

10.  Supplied,  involve,  notification,  perpetual,  pres-crip- 
tive,  preservation,  transparent,  timidity,  \\ciousnesa. 

11.  Sunday,  Monday,  Tuesday,  Wednesday,  Thursday, 
Friday,  Saturday,  to-day,  to-morrow,  YESTERDAY. 


PLATE  15. 


SO  PLATE  15. 

12.  January,  February,  March,  April,  May,  June,  July, 
August,  September. 

13.  October,    November,    December,    spring,    summer, 
autumn,  winter,  days,  weeks. 

14.  Attach  ments,  attai-nments,  conceit,  council,  counsel, 
already,  association,  obvious,  prop-e-rt-y,  a-pprop-riate. 

15.  Envious,  serious,  plaster,  blister,  Chester,  (see  page  31, 
Rule  52),  cluster,  priest,  trust,  thrust,  crust,  trustees. 

16.  Unbe  arable,   porter,    afraid,   deception,   moderation, 
formation,  reformation,  renovation,  dissolution. 

17.  Consternation,   extermination,  stimulation,  estima- 
tion, meditation,  exultation,  population,  alteration,  retain- 
ed, spending,  tending. 

18.  (See   Prefixes,   page  23.)    Transport,  transact,  trans- 
mit, transformation,  circum  volution,  circum  vention,  extra- 
dition, exposition,  explication,  contraction,  refection. 

19.  Dignity,    diction,  decision,  remonstrances,  factions, 
superintendents,  associated,  reporting. 

20.  Interfere,  custom-house,  plaintiff,  confident,  consum- 
mation, mercantile,  incidental,  failure,  preferable. 

Write  the  following  according  to  the  principles  illus- 
trated above : 

Fatality,  liberation,  protracted,  prov-sion,  disrespect, 
inter-mixed,  edification,  achievement,  in-te-nding,  appre- 
hend, trans-late,  treat-able,  con  for  mation,  exactness  (x-ct- 
ness),  exer-tion,  memor-able,  conste-11-ation,  engagement', 
enjoyment,  equitable,  expeditious,  derangement,  symp- 
tom, administer,  vivacious,  swrvive,  vawnt  iiig,  likeness, 
indign  ation,  abandon,  simwl  ation,  employ  ment,  cordiality, 
feebleness,  heaviness,  wakeful,  watchful,  incision,  ex- 
cision, pre  cision,  bi-section. 


PLATE  16. 


The  ftights  of  Man.—  BLACKSTONK 

The  absolute  rights  of  man,  considered  as-a  free  agent 
(see  page  62,  Rule  8),  endowed  with  discernment  (see  Note, 
page  30)  to  know  good  from  evil,  and  with  power  of  choos- 
ing those  measures  which  appear  to  him  to-be  most  desir- 
able, are  usually  summed  up  in  one  general  appellation, 
and  denominated  (d-n-mnt-d)  the  natural  liberty  of  man- 
kind. This  natural  liberty  consists  (const-s)  properly  in-a 
power  of  a-ct-ing  as  one  thinks  fit  without  any  rest-ramt 
(see  page  62,  Rule  8)  or  contr-<?-l  unless  by-the  law  of  na- 
ture, being  a  right  in-he-rent  in-us  by-birth,  and  one  of  the 
gifts  of  God  to-man  at  his  creation,  when  lie  end  wed  him 
with  the  faculty  (see  page  29,  Rule  28)  of  free-will.  But 
every-man  when-he  enters  into  society,  gives  up  a  part  of 
his  natural  liberty  as-the  price  of  so  valuable  purchase,  and 
in-consideration-of  receiving  the  ADVANTAGES  of  mutual 
commerce,  obliges  (when  words  commence  OBL  it  is  suffi- 
cient to  write  BL)  himself  to  conform  to-those  laws  ichich-the 
community  has  thought  proper  to  ESTABLISH.  And  this 
spec-ies  (see  page  64,  Rule  19)  of  legal  obedience  (ob-d-ence) 
and  conformity  is  in-fi'm'te  ly  more  desirable  than-that  wild 
and  savage  liberty  which-is  SACRIFICED  to-obtain  it.  For 
no  man  that  considers  a  moment  would-wisfi  to-retain  the 
absolute  and  uncontr-0-lled  power  of  doing  whatever  he 


PLATE    16. 
^-^   _^  <^ 

Or 


.  /s 

/  L    TC 


•*-^ L 


>  • 


Y 


U 


/ 


/| 


A 


\ 


L  X 


1  I       <>c-J 


r 


i 


PLATE  16.  83 

pleases,  the  CONSEQUENCE  of  which-is  that  every-other-man 
would  also  have  the  same  power,  aud  then  there-would-be 
(thrd  be)  no  security  (s-crt-y)  to  any  individuals  in  any  of 
the  enjoyments  of  life.  Civil  liberty,  therefore,  ichich-is 
that  of  a  member  of  society,  is  no-other  than  natural  liberty, 
so-far  restrained  by  human  laws  as-is-nccessary  aud  ex- 
pedient for  the  general  advantage  of  the  public.  Hence  we- 
may  conclude  that-the  law  which  restrains  a-man  from  doing 
mischief  to-liis  fellow-citizens  (ct  sns),  thouyli-it  dnnmfshes 
the  natural,  increases  the  civil  liberty  of  mankind;  but 
that  those  which  constrain  our  conduct  in-matters  of  in- 
difference, without  any  good  end  in-view,  are  regulations 
destructive  of  liberty  and  a  species  of  tyranny. 

Exercise  on  some  of  the  most  common  words. 
No  man  is  prosperous  (prsprous)  whose  immortality  is 
forfeited,  and  none  are  rich  to  whom  the  grave  br-ings 
eternal  BANKRUPTCY.  No  man  is  happy  upon  whose  path 
there  rests  but  a  -momentary  glimmer  of  light  shining  out 
between  clouds  t7utt-are  closing  over  him  in-darJcness  for- 
evermore.  There-can-be  no  barrenness  in  full  summer. 
The  very  sand  will  yield  something.  Rocks  will  have 
mosses,  and  every  rift  will  have  its  flower,  and  every 
crevice  a  leaf.  And  so  when  the  soul  knows  its  summer, 
love  redeems  its  weakness,  clothes  its  barrenness,  enriches 
its  poverty,  and  makes  its  very  desert  bloom  and  blossom 
as  the  rose. 


PLATE   17. 


,  L 


'  ^   L  /"  v 


-^  xl  J   I    ^  "^   ^  -^  . 

]..~+,4    /  (sS*-  ri  •  +  {..  I 

s-  .  t  s-  ^  .    i^  I      *  ex  ^  t 


1  9  v 


i   /" 


K  •   ^+ 


-A 


l     Mo     U 


PLATE  17.  83 


2"he  Objects  of  Law. — BLACKSTONE. 

One  of  the  first  objects  of  all  law  is  to-mete  out  JUSTICE  ; 
another  is  to-make  justice  pursue  quickly  on-tlie  heels  of 
wrong;  for  justice  delayed  often  falls  short  of  preserving 
the  rights  of  the  injured  party,  especially  in  business  trans- 
actions. Therefore,  when-a  law  is  found  to  be  so  faulty 
tJiat-a  wrong-doer  may  for  a  long  time,  by  tricks,  avert 
or  avoid  justice,  it-shoulcUe  so  remodeled  as-to  permit 
officers  of  the  law,  whose  duty  it-is  to-see  justice  done,  to- 
prevent  such  unreasonable  delay.  The  next  object  of  law 
is,  in  all  cases,  to  ascertain  truth.  To-do  this  in  judicial 
(j-d-cl)  investigations  it-has  for  a  long  time  been  admitted 
by  jurists  and  statesmen  of  all  civilized  countries,  that  WIT- 
NESSES gJiould-be  subject,  in-their  examinations  relative  to 
transactions  within  their  knowledge,  to  examination  and 
cross-examination  by  and  in-prcscnce-of  both  parties  to-the 
dispute.  In-this  way  the  condition  and  knowledge  of  wit- 
nesses are  best  sifted.  Another  object  of  law  is  that  such 
rules  in-tlie  government  of  trials  may-be  ADOPTED  as  will 
admit  both  parties  to-the  same  privileges,  so-that  none  may 
complain  of  the  course  that-is  pursued  with  all.  If  men 
were  to-live  in  a  state  of  nature,  disconnected  with  all 
other  individuals,  each  living  separately  by  himself,  there- 
would-be  no  occasion  for  any  other  laws  than  those  of 
nature  and  God.  But  man  was  formed  for  society,  and  is 


86  PLATE  17. 

neither  able  to-lite  alone,  nor  indeed  has  he  courage  to-do 
it.  And  as-it-is  impossible  for  the  whole  race  to  form  one 
great  society,  they-must  necessarily  divide  and  form  separ- 
ate states  and  nations.  Hence  we-hace  a  third  kind  of  law 
to  regulate  their  mutual  intercourse — the  law  of  nations — 
which  depends  upon  agreements  and  treaties  and  com- 
pacts between  these  several  states  and  nations.  Owing  to- 
ths  several  interests  of  the  different  parties  to-thcse  agree- 
ments, much  difficulty  is  encountered  in  forming  such  laws 
as-wttl  bear  the  test  of  time. 

NOTE.— The  following  is  an  exercise  on  the  signs,  and  each  word 
used  therein  will  have  its  representative  characters  given  in  the  tables 
at  the  end  of  the  book : 

The  particular  paragraph  in  the  pamphlet  for  which 
pecuniary  consideration  was  to  be  given  was  much  ob- 
jected to  by  the  very  person  whose  opinion  was  said  to  be 
most  judicious.  The  executor  and  executrix  were  not  able 
to  give  a  satisfactory  explanation  before  the  justice  of  the 
irregularity  in  the  accounts  of  the  different  physicians. 
Our  correspondent  could  not  cultivate  the  acquaintance  of 
the  several  members  of  the  committee,  because  a  resolution 
had  been  adopted  which  discharged  all  from  office  who 
should  be  observed  in  company  with  him.  Notwithstand- 
ing the  extraordinary  influence  of  a  certain  politician,  the 
secretary  of  the  exchequer,  in  accordance  with  *n  order  of 
his  honor  the  judge,  discharged  the  defendant,  against 
whom  nothing  had  been  established. 


PLATE  18.  87 

NOTE.— A  few  of  the  words  in  the  following  exercise  are  here  out- 
lined: 

E-d-cation,  h-ist,  imprt-ance,  n-ther,  ad-v-ce,  c-nindatiou, 
d  prt  ment,  c-vl-sed,  s-cty,  ind  s  pus-able,  a  tracted,  t  ntion, 
p  rents,  vrt  u,  us  fully,  bl-g-tions,  pr  spr  ty,  in  fnc^,  a  qrd 
vrsions,  flence,  actions,  d  fnce,  dvrsfd,  ind  ted,  fscl, 
in  v  gr  ation,  d  r  ection,  dct  ts,  grt  f  cation,  e  nations, 
pr  fl  gey,  c  pld,  v  1st,  at  rcties. 

Education. 

(SEE  NEXT  PAGE.) 

"Education  being  UNIVERSALLY  acknowledged  of  the 
highest  importance,  requires  neither  advocacy  nor  com- 
mendation. In-every  department  of  civilized  society,  in- all 
the  social  relations  of  life,  it-is  considered  indispensable, 
and  has  therefore  in-all  ages  attracted  the  attention  of 
parents,  sages,  philosophers,  and  even  of  legislators.  Jo- 
instil  into  the  mind  a  sense  of  virtue  and  religion,  to  dis- 
charge usefully  and  honorably  the  duties  we-owa  to-our- 
sehes  and  tothc-public,  to-culticate  the  understanding  and 
to-diffuse  the  light  of  knowledge,  are-not  individual  but 
general  interests,  since  on-tlie  discharge  of  those  important 
obligations  depend  in-a-great-measure  peace,  pleasure,  and 
prosperity  here,  and  eternal  happiness  hereafter.  The  wise 
man  lias-said,  Train-up  a  child  in-thc-way  hc-sshall-go,  and 


PLATE    18. 


'  ' 


v 


>-  .  -V 
.     V 


\.  (/  \ 


+  y 


/* 


PLATE  18.  89 

when-he-is  old  he-witt-not  depart  from  it — aii  advice  that 
contains  more-icisdom  than-wlumes  of  modern  etliics.  In 
infancy  are  acquired  desires,  aversions  and  passions,  which 
ever  after  influence  cur-actions,  clinging  to-us  through-life 
even  in  defiance  of  our  judgment,  forming  as-it  wcre-a-part 
of  our  nature,  and  often  giving  to-reason  itself  an  IMPROPER 
bias.  Nature,  it-is-true,  Jias-grcatly  diversified  human 
character,  but  in-that-respect  the  influence  of  education  has 
been  more  powerful.  To-the-first  we-are  indebted  for  our 
physical  and  intellectual  powers;  to  the  other  we-owe 
their  development,  invigoration,  and  direction.  Man,  un- 
iutored,  ranks  in  the  scale  of  animated  nature  Init-little 
above  the  irrational  (see  page  30,  No.  2)  beings  by-which-he- 
is  surrounded.  Actuated  by  the  cravings  of  want,  the  influ- 
ence of  unrestrained  passion,  the  dictates  of  unreflecting 
ignorance,  or  the  gratification  of  a  grovelling  and  selfish 
feeling,  he  acls  by  instinct  rather  than  by  reason.  Dis- 
daining all-law,  disobeying  all  control,  uninfluenced  by 
emotions  of  religion,  vice  is  often  mistaken  for  virtue,  the 
carnal  appetites  are  indulged,  and  the  too  frequent  conse- 
quences are  abandoned  profligacy  coupled  with  the  vilest 
atrocities." 

Onr-Fathcr  who-art  in-heaven,  hallowed  bc-thy-name .  Thy 
kingdom-come.  Thy-will-'be-done  on-earth,  as-it-is  in-heanen. 
Give-us  this-day  our  daily  bread.  And  forgive  us  our  debts, 
as-we-forgive  our-debtors.  And  lead-us-not  info-temptation; 
"but-deli'cer-us  from-evil. 


90  PLATE  19. 


2"he  Nature  of  2"rue  Eloquence. 

"  When  PUBLIC  bodies  are  to  be  addressed  on  momentous 
(mm-nt-ous)  occasions,  when  great  interests  are  at  stake, 
and  strong  passions  exerted,  nothing  is  VAi.uaW<?  in  speech 
further  than  it-is  connected  with  high  INTELLECTUAL  and 
moral  endowments.  Clearness,  force,  and  earnestness 
(r-nst-ness)  are  the  qualities  which  produce  conviction. 
True  eloquence,  indeed,  does-not  consist  in  speech.  It  can- 
not-be  brought  from  far.  Labor  and  LEAUxi»<7  may  toil  for 
it,  but-thcy-will  toil  in-vain.  Words  and  phrases  may-be 
marshaled  in  every  way,  but-they  cannot  compass  it.  It- 
mus-t  exist  in-the-man,  in-the-subjest,  and  in-the-occasion. 
Affected  passion,  intense  expression,  the  pomp  of  declama- 
tion,  all  may  aspire  after  it ;  they  cannot  reach  it.  It 
comes,  if-it  conies  at-oli,  like  the  outbreaking  of  a  fountain 
from  the  earth,  or  the  bursting  forth  of  volcanic  fires  with 
ORIGINAL,  native  force.  The  graces  taught  in-  the  schools, 
the  costly  ornaments  and  the  contrivances  (contr-v-ence-K)  of 
speech,  shock  and  disgust  men,  when  their-own  lives,  and 
the  fate  of  their  wives,  their  children,  and  their  country, 
hang  on  the  decision  of  the  hour.  Then  words  have  lost 
their  power,  rhetoric  is  vain,  and  all  elaborate  oratory  con- 
temptible. Even  genius  itself  then  feels  rebuked,  as  in-the- 
prcsence-of  higher  qualities.  Then  patriotism  is  eloquence  ; 
then  self-devotion  is  eloquence.  The  clear  conception,  out- 
running the  deductions  of  logic,  the  high  purpose,  the  firm 
resolve,  the  dauntless  spirit,  speaking  by-the  tongue,  beam- 
ing from-the  eye,  informing  every  feature,  and  urging  the 
whole  man  onward  to  his  object — this,  this  is  eloquence  ; 
or  rather  it-is  something  greater  and  higher  than  all  eta 
quence:  it-is  action — noble,  sublime,  God-like  action." 

By  DANTBL  WBBSTEB. 


PLATE   19. 


V, 


s 

"X   (   tf  / 
I  _  J  .   Yl    \.  + 


V>  +  -^  SA  //  ;  ^  ,  /  V  j  VfT 

^  J  ^/+    I/,   h  \\2^  ~  L.  lc    ^ 
1    S,  x^  <LP  +  _S*~d.  .    L 


d 


I  ^t       (.  /      I   G 


V    L/    ^   ^V^      / 

V  /  x  V  /V.  / 

I  -  "6 


XV 


,    /    3     L/  I/  / 
^    l/d    1      -1 


93  PLATE  20. 


Short-Hand. 

"  The  art  of  short-hand  writing  is  one  whicMias  engaged 
the  attention  of  educated  and  practical  men  from  a  very 
early  period  of  the  world's  history  (see  page  32,  Rule  52). 
Language  is  the  glorious  attribute  of  man — the  right-arm 
of  human  intellect  and  human  power.  It  consists  of  two 
parts — spoken  and  written ;  and  the  latter  is  but  the  off- 
shoot of  the  former.  Whatever-may-have-been  the  origin 
of  language — whether  it  sprang  out-of-the  inventions  of 
man  or  the  conventions  of  society,  or  whether  it  origin- 
ated directlv  in-the  inspirations  of  divinity — is  a  question 
that  has-been  much  discussed  by  some  of  the  ablest  scholars 
of  EUROPE  and  AMERICA.  The  FACULTY  of  speech  exists, 
and  has  existed,  tJirougJi-all-the-ages  of  man ;  and  the  ne- 
cessity of  writing,  for  the  purpose  of  recording  historical 
facts,  communicating  with  the  absent  or  the  distant,  and 
giving  permanence  to-tJiougTtt,  must-Jiave  made  itself 
strongly  felt  in-the-minds  of  the  earliest  races.  The  first 
form  of  writing  appears  to-7iace-been  the  simple  pictorial 
which,  by  natural  aud  easy  DEVELOPS  e«te,  has  issued  in 
the  various  forms  that  have  sprung  up  among  the  different 
nations  of  the  earth.  The  art  of  short-hand  writing  is  but. 
a  natural  outgrowth  from  the  abbreviated  style  in-use 
among  the  ancients — a  DEVELQPTOCT^  of  the  natural  tend- 


V  ^  "*o 

*~M 


PLATE   20. 

/  / 


x\->     X~ 

i  /^  < 


^    /~      \*- 


I  s 


"\ 


•YY      ^ 

X/O    -^ 


r 


i-  ^j\  /S#*  I.-  v  -vr1. 

>-^      V     ,     -^     .-^X         *  ^       I      •      o7   \^   '•    J 

>y  V  *      -/     LJ,    /  V  V    <,    -  XII- 

.  /^  <."L"Y<;L>'.-,  ~v^  Lx__ 

.        ^~   a'  s,  XT — 

^/   XT     .     ^     ^^    ~YL  +     I    /       — ,    — ^V 

,-v^j    v  ^  _  .  <.~-v^  w_^t  +  1-x^niA 

?  -V 

^  .    Tvi    v^v-.  f  *  ^    l^v^^^,^.  /% 

i'.^rv-  -  "f .  v- 

'XI      J 

J 


^4  '  ^°y  J    •-'% 

/       V 


94  PLATE  20. 

ency  in  the  human  mind  to  simplification  and  abridgment, 
BO  as-to  save  time  and  abolish  labor  and  toil  as-much-as 
possible.  It-is  capable  of  imparting  so  many  advantages 
to-persons  in-altnost  every  situation  of  life,  and  is  of  such, 
extensive  utility  to-society,  tJiat-it-is  justly  a  matter  of  sur- 
prise that-it-has-not  attracted  a  greater  share  of  attention 
and  been  more-generatty  practiced.  The  FACILITY  it 
affords  to  the  acquisition  of  language  ought-to  render  it  an 
indispensable  branch  in-the  education  of  youth.  The  ac- 
quirement of  the  art  tends  greatly  to  improve  the  student 
in-tJie-principles  of  grammar  and  composition.  While 
tracing  the  various  forms  of  expression  by-ichich  the  same 
sentiments  can^be  conveyed,  and  while  endeavoring  to 
represent,  by  modes  of  contraction,  the  dependence  of  one 
word  upon  another,  Jie-is  insensibly  initiated  in  the  science 
of  universal  language,  and  particularly  in  the  knowledge 
of  his  native  tongue.  By-tTiis  means  many  ideas  "which 
daily  strike  us,  and  which  otherwise  would-be  lost  forever, 
may-be  preserved." 

NOTE. — Write  the  following  words  by  implying  nt  and  nts  or  nee, 
according  to  Rules  8  and  9,  page  02 : 

Chant,  flint,  regent,  pedant,  potent,  silence,  enhance,  ex- 
panse, romance,  prance,  eloquence,  residence,  conveyance, 
indulgence,  accidents,  emigrants,  patients,  presents,  ere- 
dence,  claimants,  audience,  nuisance,  remnant,  descendant, 
occupant,  prevalent,  distant,  talent,  constant,  event. 


PLATE  21.  95 


NOTE.— Phrases  are  of  the  greatest  assistance  to  the  reporter.  A 
careful  examination  of  the  examples  given  will  put  the  student  in 
possession  of  the  principle  upon  which  they  are  formed,  and  enable 
him  to  phrase  as  much  as  he  pleases. 


1.  I-have,  I-have-not,  I-can,    I-cannot,   I-do,  I-do-not,  I- 
could,  I-could-not. 

2.  To-be,   to-have,  to-have-been,   it-is,   it-is-not,  to-it,  to- 
them,  to-do,  in-the. 

3.  I-atn,   I-am-not,  I  shall-bc-able,   I-shall-not,   I-shall-bc, 
I-shall-not-be,  I-shall-be-able-to-do,  I-sball-not-be-able-to-do, 
I-sliould,  I-sbould-not. 

4.  I- will,  you-will,  lie-will,  they-will,  it-will,  it-will-be,  5t- 
will-not-be,  we-will,  we-will-not,  as-it-is,  as-tnucb-as. 

5.  Ought-to-be,  ought-not-to-have-been,  be-that,   that-he, 
that-you,  'that-the,  that- they,  that-they-may,  that-it-is,  tbat- 
tbere-are,  I-must. 

G.  I-must-bave,  all-that-is,  so-tbat-it,  I-think,  I-think-it-is, 
that-you-have-not,  as- if,  if-you,  which-have-bad. 

7.  Can-be,  cannot-be,    do-you,  if-we-are-to-be,   if-it-were- 
necessary,  it-is-not-necessary,  when-I-waa,  I-hope-to-be,  you- 
will-observe. 

8.  I-bave-received,  you-may-as-well,    you-will-find,   as-I- 
bave-said,  it-must-be,  if-it-bad,  if-it-did,  was-not-to-be. 


96  PLATE  21. 

9.  Which-is,     might-be,     might-have-been,    was-never, 
which-we,  in-tbe-presence,  let-it-be,  altliough-it-is,  in-that- 
respect,  in  tbe-last-place,   in-tbc-first-place,  ladies-and-gen- 
tlemen  (see  page  23,  No.  27). 

10.  Malc-and-female,  brother-and-sister,  above-and-below, 
men-women-and-cbildren,  as-near-as-I-can,  in-order,  on-tbe 
contrary,  as-they-have,  great-as-it-is. 

11.  As-good-as,     at-least,    by-tbe-way,    as-they-d.o,   how- 
could-you,    in-my-opinion,    what-is-your-opinion,     in-baste, 
former-occasion,  bow-it. 

12.  For-instance,   far-be-it,   it-is-your-duty,   no-communi- 
cation, at-once,  to-you,  altbough-it-may-appear,  wbatever- 
have-been,  so-as-to. 

13.  In-reference,  as-long-as,  but-is  not-able,  if-it-sbould-be, 
as-well-as,    let-tbere-be,    as-tbere-wiil-be,    to-bave-done,   I- 
sbould-tbink,  tbink-you. 

14.  Whatever-may-bave-been,     my-friend,     my  dear-sir, 
nobody-can-be,     wbicb-has-been-found,    wbere-it-would-be, 
if-possible,  witb-you. 

15.  Wbat-is-bis-name,  would-not,  would-not-be,  very- well, 
no-otber,     as-regards,     tben-I-am,    wbo-is-not,    day-to-day, 
time-to-time. 

16.  It-will-not-do,   if-it-will,  as-much,    wbicb-you-ougbt- 
to-bave,    where-do-you-reside,    shall-I-be-told,    I-call-upon- 
you. 


PLATE   21. 


1.     -^r- 

2.    S 

4.  -r 

^      ML 
*j .      i->^ 

6.     ~^ 

7-   SC 
8.    __ 


~C 


12  x» 


15 

1G 


/  i 

^  U  U  I  I 
L   -t  - 


V 


7 


S      i      t 


V 

—  - 

^  -  \ 

^ 

V 
\\ 


98  EXERCISES. 

NOTE. — Write  the  following  words  with  the  Alphabetic  Characters 
which  represent  them  (see  page  10,  column  1) : 

I  have  not  had  time  to  begin.  My  own  opinion  is.  His 
regard  for  us.  I  expect  to  have  time  to  take.  Lord,  have 
mercy  upon  them.  With  what  prophet.  Individual  happi- 
ness. He  had  done.  I  endeavor  to  begin.  With  what 
zeal  I  endeavor  to  give.  Come,  have  a  regard  for  his  in- 
terest. Give  him  half  you  have.  He  is  certain  to  come. 
His  mercy  be  upon  you.  I  expect  to  give  him  happiness. 
You  have  been  very  kind  to  us. 

NOTE. — Write  the  following  words,  using  the  Double  and  Syllabic 
characters  (pages  10  and  11 ;  see  also  page  60,  No.  1) : 

D-amp,  cr-amp,  tr-amp,  s-amp-le,  d-angle,  m-angle,  ent- 
angle, wr-angle,  bl-ade,  W-oom,  W-under,  W-iss,  de-cent,  con- 
cent, reti-cent,  ja-cent,  cre-s-cent,  c?i-ip,  ch-&t,  ch-eer,  ch-ase, 
lur-ch,  mar-c/i,  such,  par-ch,  cl-ass,  clamor,  clever,  cl-og, 
cZ-aim,  com-ic,  comm-and,  comm-on,  comm-Mte,  comb-vae, 
comb-at,  comb-ing,  comp ass,  comport,  comp-Ie-s.,  comp-ress, 
con-dude,  con-cur,  con-sole,  con-tact,  c<m-voke,  cown^tT-part, 
counter-poise,  en-counter,  connter-mand,  a-ct  (ct),  fa-ct,  de- 
je-ct,  effe-ct,  con-duct  (dct),  in-duct,  pre-dict,  via-duct,  ai-dcd, 
for-ded,  tra-ded,  dis-may,  des-ire,  despair,  discard,  <?w-dain, 
(Z/s-cern,  dis-mdl,  del-ay,  dcl-ude,  i-dle,  ft-ddle,  emp-ire,  emp- 
loy, emp7i-as-is,  e»-list,  en-roll,  ew-join,  en-ougli,  en-t-angle, 
Engl-and,  enter-prise,  cntr-ap,  oitr-eat,  fl-a\v,  ^-ight,  gutter, 
^-avor,  de-fine  (fn),  re-fine,  con-fine,  fin-ish,  fon-dle,  fr-et, 
fr-iglit,  /r-ank,  fr-esh,  ful-n  ess,  cup-full,  arm-ful,  play-ful, 
si-gn,  forei-gn,  cn-si-gn,  gent-le,  indi-gent,  gr-and,  gr-ave, 
gr-ief,  gr-im,  gr-ow,  gr-ip. 


fe,  Ql 

UWTER 

EXERCIsJj"*'  ^'  Wi       99 

Hca\,  imp-\y,  imp-lore,  imp-ress,  in-gulf,  i«-stil,  i?i-sult, 
inter-pose,  inter-fere,  inter-vene,  keen,  £n-avi-#7i,  kn-e-vr, 
mal-ady,  mal-efact-or,  dis-mal,  He-male,  mem-oir,  mem-ory, 
negl-ect,  sh-ingle,  s-i/igle,  ob-verse,  ob-lige,  06-trude,  o6-tain^ 
\-ook,  \>-ook,  sh-ook,  opp-ose,  opp-ngn,  cr-op,  sh-op,  l-ou-d, 
pi  ay,  pl-ough,  pl-&n,  plunder,  ^^-unge,  pitl-pit,  pull-et,  re- 
pul-se,  p-op-ul-&cQ  (ppl),  rucon-struct,  recon-citc,  rest-ore,  rest- 
rain, rest-net,  ramp-ant,  i-rump,  c-rirnp,  sh-rimp,  ^-rmc  (rv), 
st-rice,  c-rnve,  *7t-ade,  ^-ape,  sh-oot,  s?i-\ne,  simp-le,  symp- 
tom, sympa-t7iy,  in-spect,  spect-re,  spec-men,  con-sump -tion, 
&-ssiimp-tion,  cour-ses,  par-scK,  st-em,  st-ock,  s^-and,  in-stead, 
\\3i-sted,  ob-struct,  s?/6-mit,  sub-dne,  ,wZ*-lime  (1m),  super-fine 
(fn),  stiper-nci&l  (f-cl),  super-fluity  (flty),  ma-ted,  hea-ted, 
th-e\r,  pa-^A,  \vrn-th,  tw-\st,  stew,  a-ttempt,  con-tempt,  d-ump, 
p-ump,  c-ivil,  ra-vel,  wh-im,  w/t-irl,  d-wdl  (wl)  s-well. 


ON  THE  TERMINATIONS. 
(Pages  12, 13.) 

F-able,  en-ables,  dou-bly,  dis-abled,  li-ability,  comp-a-t- 
ibility,  t-aught,  c-auglit,  d-auglit-er,  re-cession,  po-sition, 
(y-sliun),  de-cision,  con-cessions,  rej-ection,  el-ection, 
o-ccasion  (k-shun),  a-ction,  comp-1-ections,  lian-dle,  con- 
ference, in-ferences,  di-fferences,  pro-fessional,  sufficiency, 
de-ficient,  where-fore,  man-fully,  indi-gence,  te'e-grapli, 
bi-ograp!iy,  ge-ograpbers,  aim-ing,  se-nding,  aw-cing. 
sl-ings,  t-ongs,  1-onged,  ba-nged,  s-ion,  l-ions,  ta-lly,  vita- 
lity, rea-lities,  va-lidity,  ge-ological,  bi-ology,  dox-ology, 
fo-ment,  ce-ments,  de-mented,  ador-nment,  stern-ness,  wit- 
nesses, anger,  finger,  d-ock,  pi-ous,  con-scious,  (slms), 
lu  sciousness  (shusness),  with-out,  expel,  re-pelled,  cu- 
pidity, c-rest,  d-rest,  p-rest  (or  pressed),  p-roved  (rvd),  con- 
script, him-self,  wor-ship,  fa-ther,  o-cean  (tion),  f-usion, 
excl-usion,  de-cep-tive,  de-tract,  in-ward,  for-wards,  lest, 
be-nded,  b-ard,  mar^,  went,  dents,  fence. 


100  EXERCISES. 


NOTE.— Consult  page  31,  Rule  4. 

Ora-tion,  con-dition,  dil-ution,  ob-tusion,  ex-emption, 
eli-mination,  rec-o-mmendation,  (mndtion),  att-e-ntion, 
re-ndition. 

NOTE. — Words  ending  in  ning,  nment  (see  Note,  page  30). 
Tur-ning,  bur-nings,  attai-ning,  remai-ning,  attai-nment, 
assig-nment,  (ss-nment),  adjournments,  consig-nmeut. 

Words  formed  by  modification  of  the  ring  (see  page  32,  Rule  52). 

Fl-uster,  lustr-ation,  m-uster,  cluster,  mi-nister,  de-mon- 
str-ate),  pastor-al,  deepest,  must,  pest,  lest. 

Words  written  with  one  stroke,  by  implying  nt,  nee,  ther,  d,  rt  or  rd, 

ngr. 

Mint,  lint,  pant,  rent,  tent,  dent,  mince,  hence,  sense, 
fence,  lance,  author,  mother,  bother,  lather,  other,  mad.  fed, 
said,  trod,  clod,  heart,  mart,  cart,  treat,  sort,  exert,  dread, 
pride,  heard,  marred,  einger,  linger,  finger,  vinegar. 

Words  of  two  strokes. 

Dis-tract,  conceive,  in-diet,  prop-er,  prop-ose,  support 
(spr-t),  ra-pidity,  sober  (sb-r),  re-spect,  neglect,  passenger, 
merits,  gentle,  debility. 

With  three  strokes. 

Boldness,  believing,  conviction,  descrip-tion,  in-for-mation, 
move-ment,  rela-tive,  in-cli-nation,  pro-tract,  structure, 
interpose,  countermine,  sinfulness,  carefulness,  frugality, 
proposal,  moderation,  contribution,  trans-po-sition. 

Miscellaneous. 

Revolution,  acquisition  (z-tion),  vicious  (shus)x  publica- 
tion (p-bl-k-tion),  re-spect-able.  research,  insuperable  (in- 
supr-able),  in-sti-tution,  existence  (x-st,  page  62,  Rule  9), 
elegance,  commence,  exciting,  delegation,  compromise,  un- 
easiness, acclamation,  leadership,  previously,  decided, 
nomination  (n-mnation),  approacbing,  discernment,  reor- 
ganize. 


SIGKffS. 

1.  It  is  the  practice  in  all  systems  of  Short-band,  instead 
of  writing  the  most  common  words  at  full  length,  to  repre- 
sent them  by  one  or  more  of  their  leading  letters.     Such 
abbreviations  are  here  called  Signs.     All  the  Chs.  in  the 
Tables,  pp.  10  and  11,  arc  the  signs  of  the  words  set  opposite 
to  them.     They  there  consist  of  only  one  Ch. ;  but  it  con- 
tributes greatly  to  promote  expedition,  to  represent  some 
other  words  by  fewer  Chs.  than  naturally  belong  to  them  ; 
and  we  may  even  use  a  few  Arbitraries  with  advantage,  as 
a  f  for  tlie  cross,  and  a  circle  for  the  world.    These,  with 
words  that  seemed  to  require  notice  on  account  of  some 
peculiarity  in  the  union  or  position  of  their  Chs,  have  all 
been  collected  into  one  list,  in  alphabetical  order,  and  may 
for  convenience  be  referred  to  under  the  general  name  of 
Signs. 

2.  The  most  useful    begin  with  Capitals,  and    some  of 
them,  printed  entirely  in  capitals,  are  so  essential  that  they 
are  never  to  be  written  in  full,  but  always  represented  by 
the  Chs.  in  the   List.     The   Stenographer  will    find  that 
those   without   capitals  are  worth  remembering;  and  the 
Reporter,  that  those  in  [  ]  are  also  worthy  of  his  attention : 
for,  of  course,  the  more   signs   the   writer  employs,   the 
easier  it  will  be  for  him  to  follow  a  speaker. 

3.  The    same    abbreviation    (like    Dr.    for    doctor    and 
debtor)  may    sometimes  stand,   in   one  position,   for  two 
different  words,  without  any  danger  of  our  mistaking  the 
one  intended,  especially  when  thev  are  not  the  same  parts 
of  speech.     When  two  Signs  are  given  for  the  same  word, 
the  Stenographer  can  take  his  choice;  the  shortest  is  the 
best  for  the  Reporter. 


102  SIGNS. 

4.  A  short  s,  or  any  termination,  may  be  joined  to  a 
Sign  or  taken  from  it,  when  the  word  differs,  in  this  respect, 
from  that  in  the  List ;  and  it  roatters  not  how  much  it  may 
alter  the  spelling,  it  is  sufficient  to  add  the  termination  to 
the  simple  sign,  if  pronouncing  the  sign  with  the  additional 
letters  will  give  the  word  its  proper  sound  ;  thus,  we  add 
8  to  the  Ch.  for  country  to  obtain  the  sound  of  countries  or 
country's,  and  ly  to  very  for  verily. 

5.  A  word  included  in  (  )  must  be  written  in  full  when 
it  forms  a  part  of  another,  as  come  in  comet ;  but  the  Sign 
may  be. used  with  safety  in  its  own  compounds,  as  income, 
welcome.     Some   words,   whose    signs  are  often,  but   not 
always,  used  in  longer  words,  are  in  this  List  in  (  ),  though 
they  are  not  marked  thus  in  the  Alphabet ;  as,  come. 

6.  To  add  d  or  ed  to  a  Sign,  if  it  is  a  ring-letter,  we  can 
make  the  ring  a  loop  ;  if  it  is  short,  or  shortened,  or  if  any 
part  of  the  first  long  Ch.  in  the  word  stands  below  the  one 
or  the  2-line,  we  have  only  to  thicken  the  Ch. ;  but  if  it 
is  a  long  up  or  down-stroke  standing  on  the  one  or  the 
2-line,  we  join  the  Ch.  for  d  to  the  Sign.     We  may  move 
a  word  standing  on  either  line  so  that  its  first  long  Ch.  will 
cross  the  line,  and  then  add  d  to  the  long  down-strokes  by 
thickening  them.     It  is,  however,  better  not  to  move  it, 
but  to  write  the  d,  if  the  same  Ch.  stands  below  either  line 
for  another  word. 

7.  By  putting  a  Ch.  on  the  y-line,  final  y  is  added  to  it 
without  writing  the  y;  but  we  can  set  a  Sign  on  the  y-line 
even  if  y  is  not  added,  and  it  will  cause  no  confusion  unless 
a  y  after  tbe  sign  would  make  a  word.     The  Signs  of  most 
words  ending  in  Ji,  e,  r,  d,  cross  or  stand  under  the  2  line. 

8.  A  Tf  indicates  that   the   Ch.  opposite  to  it  does  not 
usually  stand  for  that  word,  but  will  at  times  be  found  con- 
venient to  represent  it  in  Phrase-Writing.    BW  direct  that 
the  first  Ch.,  MW  that  the  middle  Ch.,  and  EW  or  TW 
that  the  end  or  termination  be  made  wide  or  thick. 


AN 
ALPHABETICAL    LIST    OF    ALL    THE 

sies 

WITH  A  FEW  ARBITRARIES. 


If  no  figure  or  t  is  set  after  the  word,  its  Sign  (or  first  long  up 
or  down-stroke,)  stands  on  the  ruled  line,  2:  but  whenever  it  is 
followed  by  1  its  Sign  must  stand  on  the  y-line, 

3          -       —          —        —         below     -     2    - 
-       t  -       —  —     cross  or  hang  on  -     2     - 

fl .         •        —          —    cross  or  han^  on  -     y     - 
Short  marks  on  the  lines  which  separate  the  columns  give  the 
position  of  lino  2,  the  only  one  ever  ruled.       Chs.  without  those 
marks  arc  on  2. 

The  y-line  is  never  ruled,  but  is  supposed   to  run  along  the 
toil;;  of  the  long  Chs-  standing  on  the  2-linc- 

C3T    Words  marked fl  ending  in  THER  require  all  their  Chs.  to 
be  short  &,  if  horizontal,  below  the  y-line. 


A 

ABLE  S, 
ability 

AlJLY    S 

ABOTJT 
above 
absurd,  absent  TS 


3 


T    accept!,  -edfTW 
"T    Accompany  1 
"  T    accomplish!, -edf  TW 
— j  according 
— /  According  as 
— 5  Accordingly 
_J    According  to 


1) 
d 

f-i 
1 


104  SIGX3 
In  Accordance  with         -^ 

Account  1  -7- 

Accounted  1  ~^> 
[accustom  t,  -edfTW]  -£/\ 

Acknowledge  -r 

acquaint,  -ance  t  -£ 

adopt  t,  [adptf]  -^ 
Adv  B,  -antagef,  BW  -\^ 
after  Si 

afterwards  BS  g/ 
AGAIN,  AGAINST   1 
again  &  again 

agriculture  t  ' 

agricultural      t  A 

All  B  1,  al  B  1  tJ 

almighty  1  I 

alphabet  1  "1 

alphabetical  1  ^J 

also  1  Y 

Always  1  TS  J" 


r 


Amcri-ca  GG,  -can  3Q 
Among  TS 
amongst 
amphitheatre  f 
ampli-fy  1,  -tudef 
AND,     An,  any  1 
answer  3,  -ed  3W 
ancestor  f 
angels  f,    angles  f 
angelic  t 
anniversary  I 
anonymous  + 
ANOTHER'S  TS  1 
apologies  1,  -gize  1 
architect  t,  -ure  t 
archbishop 
(ARE,  OUR,  or  S) 
aristocra-t,  -tic,-cy  1  ,TS 
aristocracies  1,  arrests 
(  As  S  ,   Has  S   ) 


SIGNS 


105 


astonish  f 

astronomy  1,  -ical  1 

Atmospher-et,  -icf 

attorney-general  1 

ACGHT, 

auxiliary  1,  axle-tree  f 

B 

Babylon  t  TS 

bankrupt  1,  -cy  1 

baotise,  baptism 

baptists 

BE,  BEKN,  Body  1W 

Because  3,  Begin  t 

behold,  beheld  t 

believe,  believed  t  TW 

Cetwecn  f,  betwixt  1 

beyond  1,  behind 

Bishop 

Bless,  Blessed  SW 

Brethren 


-A 

"11 


-1 
1 


V 


V 


7 

J3 


V 


[British 


Brought,  brother  Stl 


1  (BUT)       "I  (both) 

"X^  by  and  by  1 

C 

Q__  California  t 

(Q  calcul 

£  (CAN),  or  with  no  dot 

(J?  CANNOT 

C  can-didate  -f,  -dlestick  1 

(  [°P>  cpt>  cap-ital.  -tain] 

e_  catholic 

Certain  1,  certify,  Wl 

y  certificate  Wl 

£  Character  t,  chapter 

P  characteristic  t 

£  CHILD,  CHILDREN  1 

(9  /  children  of  Israel  1 

X  Christ,  Multiply  S 

X  Christian,  -ity  I 

.^.  Christians,  christianize  I 


100  SIGNS 

Christ  Jesus  -/• 

Christ  Jesus  our  Lord  -/d 

Ch.  J.  our  Saviour  -/-/• 

Ch.  the  Lord,    crystal  J 

Christmas  /o         °\ 

Church  3,  chapel  1  , 

circle  ",  circular  3  Q 
Circum,  [cntS,    sent  S]        (] 
Circum-ciso  1 ,  -stance 
Circumcision  1 

Circumstantial  C    -  -  (X 

Clergy  1,  colonel  r         Q- 

(CoMi-:,)  committee  t  C        r 
Companion,  Company  1        (~ 

CONCERN,  Consider  3  c — 

condition  o—  • 
[congratulate  3, -d3TW]       C  "][-  -f 

congregation  3  (^J  * 

congregationalists  3  C^-j        ~\ 

conscience  3  S  cr 


conscientious  &  S 
Conse-qucnce  1,  -qucntt 
consequential  1 
contemp-t,  -late  t 

contra,   Counter  ,  Jcntr] 
[contribute  f] 

contradict  EW,  -cd  EW 
contradiction  31W 
contradictory  1  MW 
contradicts   ZuW.  TS 
convenieu-t,  -cet 
correspondf    . 
corresponden-t,  -cc+,TS 
COULD,      cultivate  t 
[cdnt  SW,  couldn't  SW] 
Countr,  Country  1 
Cross,  the  cross 
crossed  t  EW 
crucif-y  1,  -led  1  EW 
crucifixion  I 
[custom  t  J 


SIGXS 


107 


il 

danger  3,       Day  ,  $  UP    \ 

Hi 

/-»      (East,)    episcopal  3 

defendant  TS                      \0 

^      Each  3 

degree  OP,  degrees  OP        ° 

<^—£    [East  Indies] 

deliver  t,  -ance  S3              >x?  • 

^        eccentric   TS,  -ity  1  TS 

deliberation  f                      Sl°«" 

^      ecclesiastic,  -al 

description     . 
develope         \^ 
denomination                       ^ 

VXT~  econo-mical,  -my  1 
^J    [Edinburgh  3] 

despatcht,  -eclfTW           )  ' 

^     Education      W 

DID,  [1  had  done  tj,  G        \  , 

J      Egypt  ^  Egyptians 

differen-t,  -ce,  1 
i 
Difficult  1,  -y  \)                  \ 

^       electricity  1 

'X      emblem 
O    emblematical 

discharge  ,  -ed    TW       ^—> 

P      empha-sis,  -tic 

Disciple  TS                        C 

•   f      empoverish  f,  -edfW 

Disciples                           /^ 

^f     Endeavor,  (eivherf  1  S) 

displeasure  ,  displace!     ^*~ 

v_y      cndureth 

Disthiguish  t,  -ed  f  TW     N/l  - 

.   }       "England  f,      angel  f 

(Do,  very  1)                          ^- 

-  ^    English! 

(Does)  V           down         V 

"  /§    Englishman  t 

(DoNK-h  HAD),  Divide  f       \  " 

•  f    Enterf,  Inter  t,  .Intrt,  B 

108 

equalled  "W ,  equal 

Especiai  1,  Esquire  UEP 

establisht,  -ed  t  TW 

Et  caetera,  &c. 
etem-al  1,  -ity  TS  1 
Europe  3,  -an  3 
evangelical 
evangelist 
Ever,  Every  1 )  ^ 

^  ever  &  ever  ^Y- 

Ever-lasting,  -ything  1  s~^t 
every  other  1,  each  oth.  3  ^^c 
examination  (. 

Example    ,      expll  ( 

Except  3,  Expect  ^ 

exchange  ,  exchequer!       ( 
cxccutort;  exemplary  1       C^ 

executrix  t  y\  - 

Exercisef,  -df  W  / 

Expense  S3  > 

explanation  1  j ' 


iHGNS 


A- 
d 

MJ 
o 


extinguish  t,  -ccl  t  TW 
Extr, EXTRA,  expll  ,JF 
Extraordinary  1 
extrava-gunt,  -gance  t 

F 

fn,  fin  ,    find,  Hue 

fa-miliarf ,  -cility  1 
Inculty  1 

xFoR,  fore  E ;  also  jar 
'FER,  ~FiR.F\;ii,u-hen  the 
^  e,  i,  U,  have  the  sound  of 
^short  e,  or  short  u. 

Flamet,  influence  3  S 
Flagrant  TS 
Follow,  FOR 
formt,   firm  f»  [frnt] 
forasmuch  as  f  TS 
Frederictou  t,  friend 
frequen-t  TS,  -cy  t  TS 

FROM,  fire  t,  fear 

father  St  1. [After  any  Ch. 
thr  in  implied  if  the  j>r(  ced- 
ing Chs.  be  shortened 

FULL  or  a  dot  LEP 
FctLT,/©  fulfil 


G 

Generation 
gent  S,  gents  3  S 
General  l,Give,-n,  (Gon) 
George  iG,  [grgfC,.] 
Gone 

Glorify  1 

good  ;  governf ,  -orf 
go  1 

Gospel 
graphic  T 
GKEAT,  gratitude  t 
greater 
Great  Britain 
G.  B.  &  Ireland 

H 

(HAD,    DONE!) 
half  1,  hundred  UP 
hallelujah  3 
[hand,  handed  W 
handkerchief  1 


SIGNS  109 

___      Happiness,  happy  1 

(HAVE) 

^       (Ha  ,  Ever,  Every  1) 
0 —      Heaven,  Henry  1,  hear 

o heathen  1 ,  hemisphere  3 

f      (Her  I,  Ouu,  or  S) 

r      Herself  f 

/       (His),    has  S 

. —       HIM,  hippo,      how  ,  B 

< — .'    Himself 

(holy,  house  of)  JLFC 
^    Holy  Ghost 
» — /  Holy  Spirit  t 
*—Y  house  of  assembly 
v  house  of  commons 
< — f~^  However,  [^  how  he] 
">      (honor  3  S,  f -able,  S) 
« —  hunger  3,  hypocrisy  1 
Y    humble  ITS 
^> .    humiliation  ' 


\ 


110 


1 


Ifl  S 

I,  Individual  1,  Jesus  3 
II  believe,    -dtTW 
ignor-ant        -ance  t 
Immediate 
immortality  TW 
imperfect  1 
impor-tant,  -tauce  S  3 
Impossibility 
Impossible 
impracticable  f 
impracticability  t 
impro-per  t,  -priety  1 
improve  TS,  -d  TS 
InB,  ingAE,     ngJP,S 
Indeed  t  TW 
influence  S  3 
inhabitant 
intellectual 


PIGXS 

-&  LNTF.REST 

f  Inter  t  "R,  IntrtB 

r  Into,  intoxicate  t 

"  f*.  intoxication  t 

f  irregular  t 

^~  irregularity  I 

~^>      /  (Is,  His) 

Y     — ^  Israel 

^  (It),  Church  3 

^  (!TS),  Churches  3,  TS 


V 
t  "I 
*> 

V 


I- 


— a^- Jehovah  3 

~~6?  Jerusalem 

~~°  Jesus  3 

"7°  Jesus  Christ 

~?  J.Christ  our  Lord 

"2^  J.  C.  our  Saviour 

-°  joyful         _<?  JohB 

_D  judge 

— °  justice  3,  justify  1 


SIGNS 


E 

Kentucky  1, Kingdom  3 

Kind,  [kerchief  1  ] 

Knees  TS 

Knew 

knock 

Know,  -n,  Knowledge 

L 

Language  t 

large  t,      learn 

latitude,  altitude  1,  TSW 

lawful 

legislate  t,  legislature  f 

legislat-orsf,  -ures  t 

length,     lengthen  t 

LET,  Lieutenant 

«'  Let  us 

^  Let  us  not  * 

[Liverpool]  TS 

Logical  T,  Logy  T  1 


? 
oS 


H 
] 

V 


long,  -itudo 
longest 
LORD 

Lord  Jesus  t 
L.  J.  Christ 
loyalists  TS 

I 

mag-istrate  f,  -azinef 
magna  1,  magni  1,  (man) 
magnanimous  1 

Vf    magnificent  1 

V"     Many  1 ,  manufacture  t 

"V    manuscripts  TS  t 

^)        mathematic,  -ul 

X  may  be 

^       melancholy 

^       member  f,    remember  f 

•V     merchant  t,         Mr. 
merchandise  1 
My  1,  Mercy  1,  Them 


112 

might  1,  mighty  1 
mightest  1,  mightiest  1 

million  UP,  middle  TV  t 

Mississippi  1 
mistakef,  mistakenf 

Moreover 
most 

mortality 

[(much  I-)] 

multi  1,  Multitude  1 

Multitudes  1  TS 

Multipl-yS,  -iedEW 

(Must) 

Nature,  INTER  f,  Intro  t 
Necessity  1,  never 
Necessary  sf         none 
Nevertheless 
neigborhood  TW 
New  Brunswick 


SIGNS 


VI- 
V 


v 


V 


V 


Newfoundland  T 
New  Hampshire  f 
New  Orleans  t 
New  York  t 

North  Carolina  f 
(Nor) 


(not) 


numbei"f'' 


1fno  longer  t.^nodoubtt 
Nothing,     /      nor 
Notwithstanding 

0 

O,  (Oh!),origin3,[orgn]3 
Ob  B,  Bility  T,    obey  1 
Object,  observe  f 
objected,    obeyed  1 
objectionable 
ob-jections,  -serrations  | 
occasion 
occasional 
occasion-ally  1,-ing 
occasions 


o'clock 

Of,  offend  3,  offence  3 

offer  3,  offered  W  3 

offensive  f 

office,  ^f  of  course  3 

official 

often,  oftener  3 

oftenest 

Ohio  3,      ^f  own  opinion 

OnB,  honor  3 

(one  first  t 

Only  1  S,  ly  TUP 

Op    ,-en,  Opportunity  1 
hope  f 

opinion,  (organ  3,  own) 
(cr  S,  Our) 

On]  B,  order  B,  -cdETV" 
ordinary  \ 

ostentatious 

(other  1.)  otherwise  1 

(OUGHT) 

T  ought  to,  Ottawa 


SIGNS  US 

(Our,  hour) 
(Guns,   hours') 
(OcrS3),  -wardS  3 W 
<y*       Out  of, out  of  the  worldG 
Over  OP  or  OF,  S 
Over  a 
oysters  TS 

P 

pamphlet 
paragraph  t 
Particular  t,  person  1 

~^        peculiar  f,     pecuniary  1 

~Y~      Perfect  1 

"0         [PrP]>  perpendicular  f 

.  ~^_      Philadelphia! 
x-0      [philanthrop-ic  1  -y  1] 


•\ 


O 


-\_  Philoso-phcr,  -phy  1 

-v_  phonogra-phc:r  3,  -phy  3 

-^  Physician:; 
,__  place  3,    pleasure ,  S 


114                                       SIGNS 

Pleasures,  olease,  S               V 

_^jp-   providen-ce  f,  -tfol  t,  TW 

Plenipotentiaries  1  TS          J> 

-N       Public,  publican  t 

politic    1 

-^       public  1,        ~\,  publish 

politician                                ^_ 

Qu 

popularity  1,  People           "^ 

^     Qua-lify  1  ,-rter  3,  Quest 

Possible                               ~y 

.,    Qualification  1 

Possibly                               —  .y- 

j 

.,     Qualifications  1 

powerful                              *v> 
Possibilitv                           '^y} 

i?    quantity  1 

R 

practicable  t                        -v_- 

^_     Receive 

practicability                        «. 

^•\  rccognis-e,  [-ance  +} 

practical                             .^ 

(  Reconcile,  reckon  1 

practice                              -+^7- 

L      _    Reconsider  3,  -od  3  EW 

presbyterian,                      -^^ 

(  .    recon-ciliat'u,-siderat'n3 

present                                  ^ 

-.     redemption 

Principal  f,  principle  f        _^ 
<5~ 

Regard  1,  reflect  f 

probability  TG 
progress                            ^-s 
Prophe-t     o    ,  -cy  1       ^ 

.     regenerate  ^,  regret 
_^>     regeneration  f 
resolve  t,  response  t 

[protestantsj  BW                ^5 

_     resolution  t 

responsibility  t 
reverend 

Righteous,  judicious  t 
Righteousness 
^f  round  about 

sacraments 

sacrificef,  scribe,  sec'y  1 
SAID  SW,  [If  said] 
satisfactory,  satisfy,! 


^f  Saint  John 
«f  Saint  Paul 
Saviour,  Sovereign  1 
S.  Christ 

S.  J.  Christ 

x\ 

schoolmaster  t  «- 

school  /       scholar  f      f 
Scriptural  /^ 

Scripture,  says  S 


SIGNS 

X7J|     / 


o/ 


115 

selfishly 

serve  TS,  Servant  T8 

Several,    k  service 

SHALL,     SHOULD  t 

shoulder  t 

significan-t,  -ce   TS  t 

simplify  1 

[so  1]  some  1  ,  super  f  S 

society  1  TS 

somebody  1 

something  1 
sometimes  1 
somewhat  1 
spec,  spect,  [spc,  spct] 
spirit  t ,    j  -ual  t 
Sub-ject,  -scribe  t 
sub-jection,  -scription  f 
Substance  t 
1    substantial 
substantially  t 


116  SIGNS 

suggest,  signify  1,  -aturet 
surprisefS,  -dfS'AY 
sympa-thy  1,  -thetic 
symptom,  simplicity  1  f 

T 

tabernacle  t  |_  (take)t  i 
Temp-t,  -orary  1,  -oralf  G  « 
Temptations  b 

temper  t,  -ance  S3  » 

temperance  society  1 
thank  T,  think  t 
thanksgiving  t  L/ 

THAT,  Thousand  t 
THE,  THEE,  THY  I 
Their,  There  L/ 

Them  "> 

Therefore  I/ 

TUEY  li 

these  TS,  thinks  |TS  ^ 

Those  (j> 


Thus,     tms  with  no  dot 


>      Things,  ings  T 

®     thro',   thro'  the  world  G 

<p     Throughout  S 

I       Time,  trans  1,  textr 

i       To  S,  N  to  do  SW,  atJB 

_*\  to-day  BS  or  i 

1  Together 

J  tongue,  lively  I)  f 

i  Toward  EW 

U  transgress  I 

-  V?  trespass  t 

u 

9-=^  unanimous  t 

-  Under    UP 

_  underst-and ,  -ood  W,  UE  P 

\  undoubted  TW 

^  f  U.  S.  of  America  t 

J  Universal 

V  universally 


University  1 

unmistakable  t  'VL  ~ 

(Uxro),  universe  w 

(Up)  °^  (UPON)  (^ 
(Us  t),  [use  t] 

\ 

Valley  1,   voluntary  SI  >*. 

value,  volunteer  t,  vol.f  va 

vengeance  t  S? 
(Very  1),  virgin  f 

Virginia  t  v — 

w 

(WAS),  whose  +  & 

Washington  t  ^ 

Ward,  «r  W  with  no  dot  { 

«|[West  Indies  C^ 

WITH,  What  1,  whom  t  ^ 

whomsoever  t,  Why  1  </- 

Wherefore  (/ 
WHICH  !,  WILL,  well 


© 

9 
¥ 


J 


Ul 

which  will  1 ,    who  will 
Wilderness 

Willingness 

witness  ;  •—/  witnesses 

[without  3  SJ 

WOULD,   The  world 
in  the  world 
into  the  world 
Out  oi'the  world 
round  the  world 
throughout  the  world 

Would,  or  S    with  no  dot 

Y 

Yesterday 
Yesterday's,  Yours  t 
You,-rt,  -ng  1,  yearf 
[^  you  S,  ^your  S] 
Yourself 
Yourselves 

z 

Zeal,  [Xenophon  f] 


NOTES  ON  THE  SIGNS. 


1.  When  we  say  that  a  word  is  a  sign,  we  mean  that 
the  character  for  the  sign-icord  is  to  be  written  just  as  it  is 
in  the  list.     One  hundred  of   these  signs   make  more  than 
one-half  of  nil  we  have  to  write  in  taking  down  any  dis- 
course or  debate.     Hence  the  importance  of  having  short 
signs  to  represent  these  constantly  recurring  words. 

2.  I  might  have  gone  on  adding  to  the  list  till  we  had 
as  many  signs  as  are  to  be  found  in  "  Pitman's  Reporter's 
Companion,"  taking  only  the  most  expressive  and  convenient 
letters  in  each  word  ;  as,    c-cation  for  communication;  P-8-cy, 
Provincial  Secretary;  Can-y,   Canterbury ;  11-x,  Halifax; 
JV-S\,  Nova  Scotia;  M-a-ss,  Massachusetts;  Tens-e3,  Ten- 
nessee ;  S-  W\,  Switzerland  ;  P-a\,  Pennsylvania  ;  and  the 
phrases,  that  the,  that  thy,  that  tJiey,  might  be  written  with 
a  double  t  like  the  sign  that,  but  in  other  respects  the  same 
as  the,  thy,  and  they.     It  is  needless,  however,  for  the  steno- 
grapher to  overload  his  memory  with  such  arbitrary  con- 
tractions, as  he  can  have  as  many  signs  as  he  pleases  merely 
by  writing  the  words  according  to  the  rules  of  Phono- 
graphy;  as,  p-pl-tion,  population;  congr-g-tion-l,  congrega- 


SIGNS.  119 

tiorial ;  s-n-gg,  synagogue ;  comp-r-nd,  comprehend,  wmp-r- 
nsion,  comprehension ;  adding  the  short  cty  to  the  sign 
multiply  for  multiplicity,  etc.,  etc. 

3.  Very  many  of  our  signs  have  all  the  characters  they 
require  to  express  the  words  according  to  the  Phonographic 
rules,  and  therefore  would  not  appear  in  any  reporting  list 
of  signs.     I  have  given  them, however,  for  the  use  of  those 
who  desire   convenient   abbreviations   for   writing   steno- 
graphy.     Of  this  class  are  absent,  acquaint,  angels,  angelic, 
believe,  both,  brother,  but,  condition,  contradict,  contradiction 
•ory,  description,  did,  disciple,  does,  down,  education,  English, 
judge,  knock,  long,  loyalists,  public,  etc.,  which  are  all  con- 
venient for  an  experienced  writer.     The  learner,  will,  of 
course,  use  only  the  principal  signs,  which  are  easily  known 
by  the  type  in  which  they  are  printed,  for  instance  : 

4.  "  ABLE,"  being  a  word   of  primary  importance,  is 
printed  altogether  in  capitals.      This  sign  is  in  reality  the 
short  bl,  like  a  half-length  a,  and  is  suggestive  of  the  ter- 
mination ;  as,  [_  table,  /_  sable.     To  add  d  to  it,  either  make 
the  character  thicker,  or  joia  d  to  the  left  end ;  as,  \"  abled. 

5.  "  In  accordance  with,"  see  page  104.   As  only  the  first 
letters  of  this  phrase  are  capitals,  its  sign  (In-a-w)  is  one  of 
Secondary  importance  ;  the  w  stands  on  the  line,  as  the  rule 
of  position  requires,  because  it  is  the  first  long  character. 

6.  "  America  3  G,  -can  3  G."     Proper  names  begin  with 
capitals,  and  we  are  not  to  infer  from  the  large  initials  that 
such  words  occur  more  frequently  than  those  which  in  the 
list  begin  with  small  letters.     If  the  writer  would  select 
the  most  labor-saving  abbreviations,  let  him  first  learn  the 
signs  of  those  words  which  are  altogether  in  capitals,  then 
of  those  beginning  with  a  large  letter,  and  pay  no  regard 
to  the  words  in  [  ],  which  are  of  little  use  except  in  the 
hurry  of  reporting.     The  sign  for  "  America  "  ia  A-a,  under 
the  line,  as  the  3  shows,  and  the  G  requires  the  Ch.  to  be 


120  SIGNS. 

greater,  that  is,  twice  as  long  as  single  a.  No  obscurity 
can  arise  from  using  precisely  the  same  sign  for  "  Ameri- 
can," as  it  is  not  easy  to  find  a  sentence  in  which  one  word 
could  be  mistaken  for  the  other. 

7.  ".(  As  S,  Has  S)."      This  sign,  p.  104,  is  a  short  «  on 
the  line,  and  we  see  by  the  ( )  that  it  is  not  to  be  used  for 
as  and  has  when  they  are  parts  of  other  words  ;  we  must 
write,  for  instance,  a-s-k,  and  not  s-k  for  ask. 

8.  "  Bishop,"  p.  105,  is  represented  by  bp  crossing  the 
line;  and  "  baplize,  baptism,"  by  bp,  with  the  last  letter  on 
it.   The  position  of  t  he  line  is  represented  by  the  tick  on  the 
double  line  dividing  the  columns.      Take  care  to  make  bp 
twice  as  long  as  b  or  p. 

9.  "  In  B,  ing  A  E,  ng  J  P,  S,"  page  110.    The  B  here 
shows  that  the  Ch  stands  for  in  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  ; 
for  ing,after  the  Ch  before  it  at  the  end;  and  for  ng  it  joined 
to  the  preceding  Ch.;  the  S  shows  that  the  Ch.is  short. 

10.  At   p.  108   we   have  "  father  S  \  1,"  which  shows 
that  the/ for  father  is  short,  and  crosses  the  1  or  y-line. 
This  sign  belongs  to  an  abbreviating  rule,  given  at  page 
13,  No.  45,  thus,  "  [ther  D  T,  S  f  1],"  signifying  that,  in 
Phonography,  to  add  tlier,  we  must  drop  the  termination 
ther,  shorten  all  the  preceding  Chs,  and  write  .them  across 
the  1  or  y-line. 

11.  The  sign  ever  is  a  large  e  :  at  the  end  of  words  it 
turns  either  way  ;  but  when  it  is  alone,  it  stands  as  in  the 
table,  and  it  is  well  to  put  a  dot  under  the  left  end  of  it,  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  pronoun  /-%  he.    [The  e  and  u  for 
he  and  you,  in  phrase-writiag.  turn  either  way,  but  standing 
alone  e  always  turns  down,  and  u  up.] 

12.  "  You,  r  f,  ng  1,  year  f ."     This  shows  that  y  stands 
tor  you  on  the  line,  your  and  year  across  the  line,  and  young 
above  the  line.      Jf  the  learner  intends  to  acquire  the  re. 


SIGNS.  121 

porting  hand,  he  should  at  once  use  the  small  u  instead  of 
y  for  you. 

13.  The  student  should  notice  that  there  is  an  angle  in 
the  ring  of  the  sign  angelic  where  the  c  is  joined  to  the  angl; 
that  the  sign  for  judge  has  a  large  ring,  as  if  spelled  juje, 
and  that  the  ring  mforf  and  fulf  s\io\ild  be  twice  as  large 
as  the  ring  of/.      The  looped  /  with  a  dot  in  it  is  the  sign 
for  fulfilled,  and  elect-y  for  electricity.      The  ing  can  be 
joined  with  an  angle  to  the  sign  some,  for  something. 

14.  The  foregoing  examples  will  enable  the  learner  to 
understand  the  signs  by  referring  to  the  "  Key  and  Alpha- 
bet," and  it  will  be  found  that  these  signs  can  be  read  more 
easily  than  those  of  auy  systems  which  do  not  give  the  ini- 
tial and  final  vowels  when  sounded.      Thus :  if,  in  the  sen- 
tence, "  He  is  one  of  the  aristocracy,"  we  write,  as  we  do, 
a-rst-y  for  aristocracy,  it  is  a  more  suggestive  contraction 
than  r  s  t'k,  which  is  given  in  a  system  which  has  no  con 
necting  vowels. 

ARBITRARIES. 

Some  Phonetic  authors  boast  of  having  no  arbitraries, 
while  multitudes  of  their  signs  seem  really  to  belong  to 
that  class  ;  for  what  can  be  more  arbitrary  than  such  con- 
tractions as  gw  for  language,  jr,  for  larger,  n  for  under,  etc., 
etc.?  Arbitraries  are  not  absolutely  necessary,  but  I  have 
admitted  a  few,  which  will  soon  find  favor  as  the  shortest 
signs  for  particular  words.  They  consist  of  characters 
joined  together  in  an  unusual  manner,  and  occasionally  of 
a  common  letter  or  fanciful  mark ;  as,  H  about,  . .  again,  o  of, 
O  the  world,  _L  together,  etc. 


CONCLUDING  REMAKKS. 

A  faithful  observance  of  the  instructions  given  in  the 
foregoing  pages  will  surely  lead  to  the  mastery  of  this  art. 
We  draw  our  work  to  its  close  by  repeating  a  few  hints 
to  which  the  student  should  give  his  attention  in  the 
outset : 

1.  After  carefully  examining  the  definitions,  make  your- 
self perfectly  familiar  with  the  Alphabetic  Characters  ;  the 
other  characters  will  be  introduced  gradually  as  you  pro- 
ceed. 

2.  Confine  yourself  to  the  Exercises,  writing  and  re- 
writing each  in  its  turn  until  every  portion  is  thoroughly 
understood. 

3.  Never  write  an  exercise  without  reading  it  over,  at 
least  once  or  twice,  before  laying  it  aside.     Let  your  read- 
ing and  writing  keep  pace  with  each  other. 

4.  Do  not  at  first  attempt  to  write  fast.     If  in  the  begin- 
ning you  aim  at  correctness,  you  will  afterwards  experience 
no  difficulty  in  writing  with  rapidity. 

5.  Avoid  desultory  study,  and  remember  that  practice 
alone  can  give  that  mechanical  facility  which  is  essential 
to  the  successful  pursuit  of  the  art  of  verbatim  reporting. 


CO^TESTTS. 


PAGE 

Testimonials i-vii 

Preface viii-xii 

Definitions,  rings,  hooks,  and  crooks 1 

Blending,  looping,  and  modifying 1 

Key  to  explanatory  marks  and  letters 2 

Place,  size,  and  direction  of  the  characters 3 

Preliminary  directions 4 

Holding  the  pen 5 

Size  of  the  letters 5 

Stenography 7 

Single  and  double  characters 8, 10,  11 

Explanations  of  alphabetic  and  double  characters 9 

Terminations 12-13 

Notes  on  the  alphabet 14-15 

First  exercises 16 

Punctuation  and  numbers 17 

Rules  for  writing  stenography 18 

Position  of  the  characters 19 

Y  final 20 

S,  SUB,  and  SUPER,  how  used 20 

E,  I,  O,  IT,  how  joined 21 

F  and  Dis,  how  joined  and  distinguished 21 

ORD,  how  to  be  used 22 

Double-sized  ring  letters 23 

UN  initial,  how  written 22 

OVEU  and  UNDER 23 

Prefixes,  bene,   magni,  uiulti,  trans,   extra,  circum,  hypo, 

omni,  expl 23 

SUB,  as  a  suffix 23 

K,  Qu,  CH,  and  H  thickened 24 

Blended  and  shortened  characters 24 

Tcrminatiotis 25 

Omission  of  silent  letters , 26 


124  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

ABLE  and  BLE,  ABLY,  BLT 27,  28 

AUGHT 28 

-SESSION,  -CESSION 28 

-FESSIONAL,  -FICIEUCY,  -FICIENT,  -FULLY 28 

-GENCE,  -GRAPH,  -OGKAPHY,  -OGRAPHICAL 2-J 

I-N,  ING,  NG,  NGST,  NING U9 

ION,  IONS 29 

LY,  LIES,  LTY,  LTIES,  LDTY,  LDTIES 29 

TV,  ITY,  IDITY,  TRY 29 

MENT,  MENTS,  NMENTS L'J 

NESS,  NESSES 29 

OOK,  OCR oO 

Ous,  SHUS,  OUSNESS,  and  SUUSNESS SO 

OUT ,-,0 

PL,  PLES SO 

SELF  and  SELVES CO 

SHIP,  SHIPPERS 30 

TUER 30 

TION,  SION 30 

UTION,  TUTION , 30 

ENTION,  EMTION SO 

TlOlTAL,  TIONALITY SO 

DTION,  NDTION 31 

TlVE,  TIVITY 31 

STRUG,  STRUCT,  STRUCTED 31 

TED,  TUDE 33 

WARD,  WARDS 32 

ST,  STEH 32 

NDD 32 

Capital  letters 32 

Reading 33 

Teaching  by   dictation 33 

Exercises  in  the  elements  and  corresponding  style 35-55 

Phonography,  or  verbatim  reporting 57 

"  rales  for  writing 60 

D  added,  how  ? 61,  93 

RD  and  RT 62 

DTION,  DING 03 

NT,  NCE,  NTS 62 

OF,  how  implied 63 


CONTENTS.  125 

PAGE 

S  in  ST  and  IES  and  ISE 64 

Short  s  and  T 64 

Disconnected  vowels 65 

How  to  read  reporting  hand 66 

Phrase  writing 67 

To  the  student 63 

Phonographic  exercises 70-100 

Signs 101-117 

Signs,  Notes  on  the 118-121 

Arbitraries 121 

Conclusion 122 


OPINIONS  OF  THE   PRESS. 


From  MOORE'S   RURAL  NEW-YORKER. 

We  think  the  author's  claim  to  simplicity,  ease  of  acquiremeat, 
legibility,  and  rapidity  well  founded. 

Front  the  BOSTON  EVENING   TIMES. 

It  combines  all  the  advantages  of  the  Stenographic  and  Phonographic 

systems. 

Front  the  NEW  YORK   STANDARD. 

We  recommend  it  to  the  consideration  of  all  interested  in  the  sub- 
ject. 

From  the   RICHMOND    HERALD. 

The  only  system  we  have  seen  that  can  be  read  as  rapidly  as  ordi- 
nary manuscript 

From  the    CONGREGATIONAL    MONTHLY. 

A  decided  improvement  over  the  Phonetic  System. 

From  the   INDIANA    MESSENGER. 

We  believe  the  system  taught  in  this  little  book  better  than  any  yet 
invented. 

From    the  DAILY  TIMES,  New  Brunswick. 

Merits  the  many  eulogiums  it  has  received. 

From  the  TELEGRAPH  AND   JOURNAL. 

Simplicity  itself. 

From  the  MANCHESTER   MIRROR. 

Remarkable  for  its  simple  character  and  easy  legibility. 


From   the  PHILADELPHIA.    CITY   ITEM. 

Much  credit  is  due  the  author  for  his  improvement  upon  the  present 
systems  of  rapid  writing. 

From   the  ALLEXTOWN    CHRONICLE. 

Perhaps  the  most  complete  system  extant. 

from    the  PORTLAND    PRESS. 

The  best  method  we  have  seen. 

From  the  NEW    YORK    TABLET. 

We  commend  it  to  those  of  our  readers  who  have  long  been  search- 
ing for  just  such  a  work. 

From   the  PAXTON  RECORD. 

Simple  as  A,  B,  C,  and  well  calculated  to  become  one  of  the  leading 
systems. 

From  the  BANGOR    COMMERCIAL. 

Should  be  adopted  in  all  our  institutions  of  learning. 

From  the    CARLTON  SENTINEL. 

We  know  that  it  is  practised  by  some  of  the  readiest  reporters. 

From  the  HUNTINGDON    GLOBE. 

Tha  work  is  simple  and  well  adapted  to  the  reporter  or  clergyman. 

From  the  PROVIDENCE  PRESS. 

We  believe  it  to  be  the  best  work  of  the  kind  yet  introduced. 

From  the  NEW  JERUSALEM  MESSENGER. 

Very  easy  of  acquirement,  and  can  be  put  to  use  almost  immediately. 

From  the  WATCHMAN  AND  REFLECTOR. 

Has  several  advantages  over  the  prevailing  methods. 

From  the  LYNN  TRANSCRIPT. 

More  legible  and  simple  in  construction  than  either  Pitman,  Graham 
or  Munson. 

From  the    BLACKBTTRN  GAZETTE. 

We  have  found  it  to  be  very  easy  of  acquisition. 


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